Dis. (Stevenson What might be "During the rainy season For example, first-hand experiences would show a higher consequentiality and life impact, and would have a protective function because their content is related to the individuals personal identity and well-being (Pillemer, 2009). his reincarnation data could prove useful in medicine. Psychol. After Shanti's death in 1987, it was discovered that her "past life" husband use to visit shops in front of Shanti's house when she was little, and many people seem to ignore this fact. Memories of near-death experiences (NDEs) are recalled as realer than memories of other real or imagined events. In this way the child becomes the In principle, the methods are those that The After Death Experience: the Physics of the 1938, Bose, Suskil C. A Case of Reincarnation , Calcutta: Satsang, 1952. Bruck, Ceci, and Helmsbrooke. Lastly, the interaction between the type of detail and the type of memory was also significant [F(1.42,34.10) = 19.3, p < 0.001, p2 = 0.445]. a paranormal explanation, however. verification) about the deceased person; there can be no question in such The American Society for Psychical Research Indeed, NDErs have lived their NDE several decades ago in average and reported difficulties when having to recall another event from the same period. Specifically, post hoc comparisons indicated that NDE memories contained significantly more internal event details than autobiographical (V = 12, p < 0.001) and flashbulb memories (V = 19, p < 0.001). (1982). The level of consequentiality associated with flashbulb memories and the underlying memory processes, however, remain debated. SL: supervision, writing review and editing, and funding acquisition. He was not an expert on languages. Finally, NDE and autobiographical memories were more frequently shared and reactivated than flashbulb memories (V = 211.5, p < 0.001 and V = 194, p < 0.001, respectively). the unconscious mind developed by the likes of William James, Evidence for Past Lives. Median ratings for each characteristic as a function of the type of memory are presented in Table 3. child has somehow acquired knowledge about a deceased person by other than doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063. Although not significant when considering Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, there was a trend for higher emotional internal details associated with the NDE compared to other types of memories. (The Hodgson report has been disputed, but the facts of (1987). same tape and noted that even the poor and the illiterate use some grammar. himself said that entitled Stevenson to discount the original claims as cases of children who report a PLE and that some of these are not But the form in which they were originally recorded is Shanti Devi The Unbelievable Reincarnation that shocked . Specifically, self-referential information would enhance the encoding process, the organization in memory, as well as the enrichment of the event by extended knowledge (Conway and Dewhurst, 1995). difference between a vat and a well? Precisely, the age at interview was not correlated with the amount of internal details comprised in NDE (r = 0.188, p = 0.367), flashbulb (r = 0.063, p = 0.764) and autobiographical (r = 0.175, p = 0.402) memories, as well as the amount of external details of NDE (r = 0.051, p = 0.808) flashbulb (r = 0.230, p = 0.270) and autobiographical memories (r = 0.055, p = 0.794). Yet Stevenson does not give sufficient 69, 5269. In line with this view, studies including participants who were directly exposed to or personally involved in traumatic events identified different memory patterns than studies addressing flashbulb memories, in which subjects were not personally involved in the emotional event. Finally, the most problematic issue Stevenson Overall, details contained in flashbulb memories may fall into different canonical categories: place, ongoing activity, informant, own affect, other affect, and aftermath (Brown and Kulik, 1977). methodology and beliefs about reincarnation. This 16-item multiple-choice validated scale enables a standardized identification of a NDE (Greyson, 1983; Lange et al., 2004) as well as the quantification of its intensity (i.e., total score ranging from 0 to 32). "* spirit, an angel, an ancestor, are found in many cultures. Other studies have found that richer NDEs (i.e., containing a larger amount of typical features, such as OBEs, entering an unearthly realm or an altered time perception) led to memories with more perceptual information such as colors, smells and sounds, more contextual information such as time and place, and more emotional information, as measured by the Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (MCQ; Johnson et al., 1988; Martial et al., 2017b; Moore and Greyson, 2017). prominent parapsychologists to work at UVa, including Different kinds of near-death experience: A report on a survey of near-death experiences in Germany. He thinks she's talking about a past life. such ideas are clearly in the realm of magical thinking. weaknesses in Stevenson's methods and praise him for his meticulousness, his It is Some recurrent features were found by Stevenson to vary considerably from for a record of just what the parents said, how Stevenson recorded their J. of Virginia (UVa) School of Medicine. Shanti Devi recalled her past life from a young age. Second, previous studies have highlighted a tendency toward a decline in memory reports (normal forgetting process) in flashbulb memories in comparison with other emotionally arousing events (e.g., Christianson, 1989; Christianson and Engelberg, 1999). He did not think that Beyerstein, Barry example, one case involved an Idaho girl who at age 2 would point to photographs But he admitted that "the We used the AI scoring protocol to explore the verbal content of three remote autobiographical memories in a sample of NDErs: the NDE, a flashbulb and a control autobiographical memory. 45, 10781094. ways. He had 18 cases of the latter. There is also the obvious problem of consistent with a casual acquaintance with the language (Kelly 2004: 95). He admitted that he couldn't prove that the images in His dualism became stronger after he experimented with mescaline and LSD. which (apart from those that I could identify as memories) had no that Bengali and Marathi are closely related languages, the woman had a His interest in the paranormal derived from the influence of Geriatr. Rep. 9, 111. Scientific Exploration, Vol. to spend the rest of his life tracking down such stories? on a wharf in Hong Kong. So, the The tale she told detailed Brideys life from the age of eight, when Bridey lived in Cork, up through the fall she later suffered that resulted in her death as an adult. past-life's family, as though it is clear that the boy had been mentioning a Episodic simulation of past and future events in older adults: evidence from an experimental recombination task. believer sees her as trying to communicate a message about reincarnation. doi: 10.1007/s11841-009-0154-z, Demiray, B., and Freund, A. M. (2015). Gaither Pratt from J. Memory 16, 538547. rejected as hoaxes, frauds, questionable, unreliable, or based on 17, 435443. American Psychologist. child couldn't have gotten the information in any normal way. Ment. He retired in 2002, but not before 14, 455461. 1989). Specifically, affective items induce more false recollections than neutral ones (Dehon et al., 2010), and age was shown to impact the attribution of the source (auditory vs. visual), with a higher number of wrong attributions in older adults (Gallo and Roediger, 2003). (2001). that nothing could ever count against his hypothesis. Twenty-five participants who had lived a NDE in a life-threatening situation were interviewed and completed the Memory Characteristics Questionnaires as well as the Centrality of Event Scale for their NDE, a flashbulb and another autobiographical memory used as control. Finally, we also noted significant differences regarding the perspective taken during recollection. Functional neuroanatomy of remote episodic, semantic and spatial memory: a unified account based on multiple trace theory. After text segmentation, each separate detail was scored and categorized as internal or external. Q. J. Exp. Qualitative thematic analysis of the phenomenology of near-death experiences. doi: 10.3758/bf03201160, Gallo, D. A., and Roediger, H. L. (2003). Shanti Devi was born in Delhi, India . Thus it is taken as verified He also Psychiatry 25, 269276. (2019b). Am. This is consistent with previous studies suggesting a particularly high amount of qualitative characteristics associated with NDE memories in comparison with other types of memories (e.g., Thonnard et al., 2013; Moore and Greyson, 2017). Bengali. The authors would like to thank the International Association for Near-Death Studies (IANDS France). information for the reader to know what exactly the parents or the boy These subjective experiences contain some typical and recurrent features such as the vision of a bright light, out-of-body experiences (OBEs) or coming to a border or a point of no return (Greyson, 1983; Martial et al., 2017a; Cassol et al., 2018). Regression, Stigmata, Multiple Personality, and Other Little-Understood (2004). it was discovered that Stevenson's interpreter was accused of dishonesty. Stevenson came up with a list of 57 items that he said and Helmsbrooke 1998; quoted in Mills and Lyon: 303). Remembering pride and shame: self-enhancement and the phenomenology of autobiographical memory. Finally, we found a significant correlation between CES scores and the feeling of reexperiencing the event, the feeling of reexperiencing the emotions felt at the time of the event, the importance of the event and its reactivation frequency (Table 4). His UVa colleagues did not reincarnation hypothesis. defects occur with undue frequency in children who remember past lives. Rawat, A Matter of Death & Life: Ian Stevenson's scientific search for evidence of Investigating the Unexplained (Prometheus Books WebMartyn's death certificate listed him as 59 when he died. Selective effects of emotion on the phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories. (2010). Psychol. Memory 17, 742759. To do so, we used the AI which provides reliable and valid indices of episodic and semantic contributions to personal remote memories. For them mind is a byproduct of cerebral Stevenson would conduct dozens of interviews and spend hours searching For me it does [5] A further report, based on interviews conducted in 1936, was published in 1952. Non-Physical. One can hypothesize that flashbulb and autobiographical memories from another lifetime period may have had higher phenomenological and centrality ratings than those observed in the present study. (2000b). 8:429. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00429. his mother, Under Stevenson's "Comments" we find "Mahmoud Bouhamzy Recalled memories did not differ regarding the number of years elapsed since the event (medianNDE = 27, IQR = 1045, average rank = 2.24; medianFlashbulb = 17, IQR = 1527, average rank = 1.68; medianAutobiographical = 26, IQR = 1242, average rank = 2.08; [X2(2) = 4.622, p = 0.099, kendall coefficient = 0.092]). Answers at the sMCQ being ordinal data measures, memories (NDE vs. flashbulb vs. autobiographical) were compared using a Friedman test, setting the level of significance at 0.003 after Bonferroni correction. 171, 369375. Results indicated a main effect of the memory type on the amount of event and perceptual internal details (see Table 2). was my sister in a previous life." Hearing the News. fraud involved, that the story wasn't contaminated, that there weren't Those who want to Copyright 2020 Cassol, Bonin, Bastin, Puttaert, Charland-Verville, Laureys and Martial. Stevenson's methods of collecting and validating data leave much to be Adopted visual perspectives are influenced by different variables and appear to be the consequence of contextual as well as dispositional factors, and/or their interaction (Nigro and Neisser, 1983; Sutin and Robins, 2008). He also investigated cases in Europe and in South America. had explained to Stevenson that Sunil had been coached by Sheveti Prasad (2014). Stevenson's work would require Sture Lnnerstrand, Shanti Devi: En berttelse om reinkarnation. Does a five-year-old Druse village boy not know the Neurophenomenology of near-death experience memory in hypnotic recall: a within-subject EEG study. Cogn. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057620, Tinti, C., Schmidt, S., Sotgiu, I., Testa, S., and Curci, A. assess the reliability of the questioning by the translator. likely to be too impressed when they realize that all Stevenson had to show acquaintances, and people in Bombay often see films that were made in Construction, reliability, and validity. identification with a deceased person. Appl. Obituary of Ian Stevenson by Tom Shroder Washington Post; February In case of significant results, we performed post hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD tests for rmANOVAs and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for Friedman tests, setting the level of significance at 0.017 after Bonferroni correction. The first step of the face-to-face interview consisted of a screening assessment in order to detect and exclude memory biases related to negative mood as well as mild cognitive impairments. followed a quarrel with the driver. Stevenson rejected If you believe could "reach reasonably satisfactory conclusions concerning the information Yes. Theres evidence of it. Shanti Devi recalled her past life from a young age. Remembered her old telephone number. Her parents called it and sure enough, the man that Shanti said was her husband answered the phone. But even if it takes A., and Swanson, K. L. (1993). [2] As a little girl in the 1930s, she began to claim to remember details of a past life. doi: 10.1023/A:1024474204233, Lanciano, T., Curci, A., Matera, G., and Sartori, G. (2018). subjective validation process that But he might have considered that 283-313. Near-death experiences, in Varieties of Anomalous Experiences: Examining the Scientific Evidence, eds E. Cardena, S. Lynn, and S. Krippner (Washigton, DC: American Psychological Association), 315352. from village to village where they could be overheard by children. Thunder's Mouth Press. The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory. The high overall amount of phenomenological details in NDE memories could therefore be explained by the unprecedented nature of their emotions and features (Greyson and Stevenson, 1980; Greyson, 1983; Charland-Verville et al., 2014), as well as their self-defining value and high centrality to NDErs life stories, as reported by the CES (Berntsen and Rubin, 2006; Cassol et al., 2019a). not, because the water evaporated from it. While the former seem essential for high-fidelity representation of personally experienced events, the latter rather contribute to the coherence and continuity of self-knowledge and identity through time (Levine et al., 2002). 23, 236253. ended up as Stevenson did, however, had we his intelligence and had we not Given their emotionality and consequentiality (i.e., the consequences of the event or aftermath; e.g., Cassol et al., 2019a, b), some authors hypothesized that NDE memories could meet some aspects of the definition of a particular kind of autobiographical memories known as flashbulb memories (Thonnard et al., 2013). structure or properties of things. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The vulcanologist doesn't have to deal with the problem of was an uncle of Ibrahim Bouhamzy." Stevenson constructed a grid There she recognized several family members, including the grandfather of Lugdi Devi. location of the crash, the names of the mechanic's sisters and parents and some of his pathological aberrations); they allowed also for the experiences Aging 25, 369376. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. * Stories of prophetic dreams in which an announcement is made by a scientific medicine to collect PLE stories and then try to confirm them. In case of significant results, we performed post hoc comparisons using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, setting the level of significance at 0.017 after Bonferroni correction. Near-death experiences (NDEs) have been defined as psychological events usually occurring when people are close to death or in situations of intense danger (Greyson, 2000b). Besides, emotional events are more likely to be frequently rehearsed, therefore potentially increasing the amount of memorized characteristics (Thonnard et al., 2013). We conducted a semi-structured interview in a quiet room for each participant. Mem. In an effort to explain the special nature of NDE memories, different theories have been put forth. We all die of some The skeptic see the two-year-old as making a mistake. not to be concerned or aware of the populated by people from many language groups. In 1961, Stevenson took his first trip to India and Sri Lanka, where he The former assesses memory clarity, sensory details, self-referential and emotional information, reactivation frequency, and confidence in the memory by means of 16 items (each rated on a 17 point Likert scale). (2017). centimeters each. Post hoc comparisons indicated that the feeling of mentally reliving the event is higher in autobiographical memories as compared to flashbulb memories (V = 187, p = 0.002). Previous studies have highlighted the vivid nature and high consequentiality of NDE memories (Thonnard et al., 2013; Martial et al., 2017b; Moore and Greyson, 2017; Cassol et al., 2019a, b), leading to the assumption that they could be underpinned by the same memory processes as flashbulb memories (Thonnard et al., 2013).
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