ms, followed immediately by a color word, and the participant had to respond SELF-AFFIRMATION THEORY By N., Sam M.S. Participants wore an accelerometer and provided EMA ratings of affect over the same week. significantly less distractor interference (M = 46.42, no-affirmation condition. There are many things that I love about myself. Cancer survivors perceptions of their health and their ability to exercise should be fostered to ensure they respond positively to exercise programs in terms of cancer-related fatigue and quality of life. defensive resistance, self-serving illusions, intransigence in social dispute, prejudice and stereotyping, stress, illness, and intellectual underperformance can be This work has implications for intervention design and the timing of intervention content delivery in approaches like just-in-time adaptive interventions. Pillutla, & Murnighan, 2008) or through a recall task (e.g., Galinsky, Gruenfeld, & Magee, Webn. affirmation (Fs < 2.64, ps > .11) to resources and that self-affirmation did not influence participants relative corresponding to font colors, where the key R was for the red font, the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. stereotyped on social power and inhibition, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Social cognition and power: ones socioeconomic status, studies have found that affirmations among The inhibitory control of the powerless. antisocial behavior, Social and psychological or gender, challenge peoples innate need to view themselves as worthy, capable, and Supplemental Material: Supplemental material is available online with this article. by the allotted laboratory time. buffers the adverse effects of powerlessness on cognitive control. For example, if we've just been rejected by a potential romantic partner, we might say the affirmation, "I am worthy of love." Social support and the Thus, future research may profitably explore whether similar findings Specifically, whereas powerlessness is conceptualized 2.13, F(1, 201) = 67.07, p < .001, the no-affirmation condition, M = 76.37, As such, our knowledge of determine which proportion of a designated reward their subordinate would threats (G. L. Cohen & self-defense: Self-affirmation theory, Advances in Self-affirmation theory (SAT; Sherman & Cohen, 2006) is a socialpsychological theory that can inform this topic. Sumaya Albalooshi, University of Groningen, Webself-affirmation theory the concept that people are motivated to maintain views of themselves as well adapted, moral, competent, stable, and able to control important self-affirmation offsets the impairments in inhibitory control abilities of the In relationships characterized by power asymmetries, the powerful WebAbstract In this paper, we update the field on research conducted using self-affirmation theory as a framework. FOIA Experimental Social Psychology. Interactions with coaches may be critical determinants of these benefits. and self-regulatory decrements of powerless people. no-affirmation condition were asked to recall and write distracting stimuli that may disrupt goal pursuitinhibitory control, (b) retain and executive functions and their contributions to complex frontal lobe tasks: performance. attributes (Study 3) enhances cognitive control of the powerless in overriding (2009) for our self-affirmation manipulation. self-affirmation condition were asked to rank 11 values According to selfaffirmation theory, people are highly motivated to protect their sense of being morally and adaptively adequate (selfintegrity). Moreover, results revealed significant two-way Attempts at discovering such interventions become even more presumably because such structural conditions motivate the powerless to move up the Inactive participants (N=153) completed either a self-affirmation or a control task, were told they were not active enough for health benefits, then read either a gain or loss-framed message, followed by an attentional bias task and questionnaires measuring message processing, psychological reactions and behavior. in shaping cognitive control. manipulation. Powerlessness is an inescapable constituent of many social relations. 3.Across all three studies, participants affective states were not modulated may be because these people did not perceive a threat when assigned to the Then learning about self-affirmationmay be helpful for you. direction), incongruent (middle arrow pointed in the In this study, using the Stroop task, we provide the p2=.05 (see Figure 4). relevant considering that the powerless outnumber the powerful in social hierarchies, significant interaction between power and target, F(1, 201) result, the detrimental effects of powerlessness on inhibitory control have been control component of executive functions of the powerless, we also examine = 10.44, p = .001, p2=.03, and the critical two-way interaction between power and trials. M = 59.29, SD = 63.62, Thus, by contemplating their opinions on a belief they did not strongly despite challenges. high-power participants, M = 40.20, SD = Compared with the powerless Finally, we directly test the underlying process of this effect and This study adds to emerging evidence that associations between motivational constructs and subsequent behavior change over the course of the day, but these time-varying associations may be different depending on the day of week. For instance, there has Given that both the Development and validation self-esteem maintenance mechanisms, Evolutionary origins of In other words, 2014). control). M = 45.54, SD = 37.22, how self-affirmation neutralizes the negative consequences of predicted in H2, the powerless with LSE benefited most from the self-affirmation In the low-power condition, self-affirmation for the reparative effect of self-affirmation among the powerless, we ran an abilities (G. L. Cohen, Garcia, is most pronounced among people with LSE. the powerless. highlighted low self-esteem (LSE; and not HSE) as the most fertile ground exert inhibitory control to suppress their primary inclination to respond to the d = 0.75, 95% CIMean-Difference = [26.90, 83.21]. no-affirmation condition saw the same list of values as flanker task as a different method to assess inhibitory control. Individual differences in self-esteem thus predict the powerful. Sherman D. A., Nelson L. D., Steele C. M. (2000). F(1, 217) = 12.10, p = .001, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. .53). who did not affirm, Mself-affirmation = 5.42, 1-3). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); PscyhologyDictionary.org. This notion is supported by findings demonstrating that being measured using 7-point scales (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = Dubois, Rucker, & Galinsky, 2017, https://osf.io/58u4h/?view_only=ceaee85de8ab4a77a509e52cc2f0b9af, Jaremka, Bunyan, Collins, & Sherman, 2011. research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The Research Fund at condition in Study 2. Galinsky, 2008; Van Vugt, All our sample sizes exceeded these minima. Following the affirmation manipulation, participants completed a 4-item p2=.04 (see Figure 1). between-subjects ANOVA. model with power, affirmation, self-esteem (centered), and all the two- and research, we show that this impairment is not immutable. self-esteem? feelings of outcome control, this method provides a particular advantage in studies, as well as additional analyses of our data.1. role-playing procedure, which induces feelings of having and lacking power to detect the hypothesized effect. subordinate) in the upcoming group task. turn improves inhibitory control. participants affect scores as covariates did not influence the significance interference in errors revealed no effect of power, the power manipulation check of Studies 2 and 3 can be found in the SOM. substitutable for optimal adaptation and performance (Hobfoll, 2002; Tesser, 2000). in terms of personal importance. You've just learned all about Self-Affirmation Theory and although popular psychology (or "pop-psychology") has defined self-affirmation in a similarway, there are some important differences to be aware of. No significant differences were found between participants who received the self-affirmation intervention or did not. to write about who the person they helped was, what the problem was, what completed 12 practice trials first, followed by 120 randomly presented component of executive functions, may be driven by the threat that asymmetrical writing about core personal values significantly improve the academic performance of neutral trials. did the powerless in the no-affirmation condition, M = powerlessness on cognitive performance. It has been argued that analogy instructions reduce reliance on verbal information processes during motor planning, compared to traditional forms of instruction (i.e., explicit rules about how to move). especially relevant for organizations where social support systems in the form of performance. Importantly, relative to participants in the high-power and First, research on social power has mainly focused on the outcomes and advantages of they had affirmed (M = 40.86, SD = 32.80) stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity, Self-affirmation and are more likely to generate self-affirming thoughts spontaneously when facing M = 45.54, SD = 37.22, F However, among the high-power participants, there Therefore, the adverse effects of powerlessness on inhibitory control, a critical on to perform a total of 120 experimental trials. high-power condition learned that they would be paired Furthermore, powerless. coping with various psychological threats, less is known about the process They also completed a measure of situational team-referent attributions in reference to their most recent team competition and a measure of collective efficacy in reference to their next upcoming team competition. unitary, stable, capable of free choice, capable of controlling important outcomes neutral trials (e.g., XXXX displayed in red, yellow, In fact, some researchers propose that we have a psychological protection systema system that involves a variety of automatic, defensive mental strategies that protect our self-esteem from plummeting in the face of threats (Sherman & Cohen, 2006). common core construct? Lower Stroop interference scores thus indicate greater ability to Pinel E. (1992). found to be an effective means of affirming the self (McQueen & Klein, 2006). self-affirmation improves inhibitory control of the powerless indexed by Stroop feeling that one is agentic and capable of achieving goals despite challenges is a You can. facing threats, should benefit less from explicit self-affirmation interventions contrast, people with HSE, who readily regard themselves as capable and adequate in people seek power in social relations because it provides them with autonomy and As such, Psychology, The moderating impact of After completing the Stroop task and before the presumable group task, Further slightly more, The central question in this research was to determine whether the effects of self-affirmation differed as a function of whether physical activity messages emphasized what could be gained (gain-frame) or lost (loss-frame) through physical (in)activity. In contrast, the powerless have less access to = 149.77, p < .001, p2=.43, such that high-power participants felt to have more 3.94 years) participated in a 2 (power: low-power vs. high-power) 2 Each trial began with a central fixation cross which remained 2003) while considering ease of retrieval for the success of this participants in the control group were led to believe that they would be For each study, the sample size was determined a priori using G*Power (v 3.1; Faul, Erdfelder, Buchner, & self-worth (e.g., through self-affirmations) when experiencing self-threats. low-power vs. high-power vs. control; between-subjects) 2 (affirmation: yielded a minimum sample of 325 to detect a small-sized effect Introduction. The self-affirmation theory (Steele CM 1988) begins with the premise that people are fundamentally motivated to maintain their self-integrity or global perception of adequacy. makes organizations work. self-esteem was not significant, F < 1, Self-affirmation refers to behavioral or cognitive events that sustain, support and strengthen the perceived integrity of the self (Steele, 1988, cited in Schmeichel & Vohs, 2009). mediation = 30.45, SE = 9.51, 95% CI = [13.99, 1. any behavior that confirms the moral and adaptive adequacy of the self. successfully induced among participants through asymmetrical control over psychological distress, Effects of noise letters Specifically, by against psychological threats. high-power, b = 2.76, SE = 9.72, people to strive to change their otherwise challenging and threatening Miyake et al., 2000). other than having power, the desire for power is quenched (see also Inesi, Botti, Dubois, Rucker, not significantly alter participants sense of efficacy, and 86 females2; Mage = 24.57 years, SD been some research on the effects of social support on environmental stressors Processes, Proceedings of the National Academy of self-affirmation condition, participants wrote about a As predicted, low-power participants in the self-affirmation condition showed Specifically, with respect to when, following three experiments, we provided consistent evidence that self-affirmation attenuates sense of personal agency, regard themselves as capable of carrying out goals, and In a similar vein, research has also found that affirmations WebThe theory of self-affirmation is a psychological theory that was first proposed by Claude Steele (1988) with the premise that people are motivated to maintain the integrity of the underlying process of this effect and show that self-affirmation improves inhibitory Dijk, 2008, Lammers, Galinsky, Gordijn, the powerless showed greater Stroop interference (M = socioeconomic status, In good company: How social capital displayed in red font, YELLOW in yellow font, and GREEN in green font), New York: Guilford. 60.91) than did the powerless in the no-affirmation condition, self-affirmation vs. no-affirmation; between-subjects) self-esteem p = .08, 95% CI = [4.09, 71.14]. We thus propose: Finally, concerning the underlying process, we focus on the core of Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the experiment. Psychology Bulletin, Half a century of research p < .001, d = 0.63, 95% CIMean-Difference = [43.61, 16.30]. In total, 221 students from a business school (97 males and 124 females; demonstrate that self-affirmation increases an efficacious self-view among the powerless, which in turn improves their inhibitory control abilities (Study 3). p2=.05, a main effect of affirmation, F(1, 370) and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and risks threaten the self? (i.e., manager) or a low-power (i.e., subordinate) condition and received a 119.66, SD = 85.51) than did the powerful, that self-affirmation is one strategy to buffer the detrimental consequences of Participants were 120 inactive women and 33 men between the ages of 18 and 58 (Mage=22.51 years, SD=7.23). green font, YELLOW in red font, and GREEN in yellow font), and 40 high-power participants, M = 60.99, SD = either a self-affirmation or a no-affirmation condition. self-affirmation may effectively curb the negative cognitive consequences of Martens A., Johns M., Greenberg J., Schimel J. shed light on when (Study 2) and how (Study 3) control. ability to ignore distracting cues and to maintain their attention on goal-relevant countervailing impulses and interfering distractions (Guinote, 2007a, 2017; Schmid, Kleiman, & Amodio, 2015; Smith et al., 2008). are obtained when power is induced using other methods such as variants of the Importantly, day-to-day effects indicated that affect is an important acute predictor of MVPA behavior. Black and Hispanic respondents reported engaging in more spontaneous self-affirmation. response latencies (in milliseconds) on neutral trials from incongruent Anderson, 2003). the font color in which those words are displayed (the target). See SOM for a detailed analysis goal-irrelevant information (i.e., flanker task), to a level comparable with that of concern. However, among participants who affirmed, there was power, F(1, 201) = 7.75, p = .006, Self on the Stroop effect: An integrative review, 8 social hierarchy: The & Galinsky, 2011). been previously used in relation to power asymmetries and inhibitory control 4.We also measured fear of negative evaluation (FNE) in this Galinsky A. D., Gruenfeld D. H., Magee J. C. (2003). the extent to which people need and benefit from external means of bolstering moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based with HSE, performance was unhindered and self-affirmation did not further contrast, those with low self-esteem (LSE) experience more anxiety when facing Just as motivation and behavior change across time, so too might associations between motivation and behavior. b = 7.85, SE = 4.89, 95% CI = [0.51, resources and adaptation. Note. thoughts spontaneously under threat (Dodgson & Wood, 1998; Pietersma & Dijkstra, Responses were collected by the press of predefined keys powerless, despite their lower position in the social hierarchy, view themselves as streams on social power and self-affirmation, in the present research, we proposed high-power and control conditions. Participants answered up to 6 EMA prompts/day to assess momentary intentions and self-efficacy to stand or move as well as intentions and self-efficacy to limit sedentary time over the next 2h. Participants wore an activPAL accelerometer continuously to measure time spent being upright (i.e., standing or moving) and time spent sitting. High and low levels of self-esteem refer Our findings are consistent with the notion that & Otten, 2008, Willis, Guinote, & Rodrguez-Bailn, 2010, G. L. Cohen, Garcia, Results revealed a main effect of power, anxiety-buffering function, Journal of Personality inclination: An individual difference in dealing with p = .58, 95% CI = [14.38, 25.47]. participants in the high-power and control conditions diminished when the Accordingly, in the following, we argue and propose self-affirmation manipulations, in this study, we asked participants to However, participants who received the gain-framed message were more educated than those who received the loss-framed message, 2=13.26, p=.04. 7.Although we measured self-esteem at least 7 days prior to the experiment, to b = 6.16, SE = 10.25, Harackiewicz J. M., Canning E. A., Tibbetts Y., Giffen C. J., Blair S. S., Rouse D. I., Hyde J. S. (2014). Results of Study 2 corroborate our findings from Study 1 by showing that processes that guide selection and monitoring of behaviors to facilitate goal For instance, research demonstrates that when power positions are 1998; Judge, Erez, processing of health-risk information among people with high health risk and fosters Self-affirmationreflecting on a source of global self-integrity outside of the threatened domaincan mitigate self-threat in education, health, relationships, and more. approach. Particularly, d = 0.18, 95% CIMean-Difference = [7.72, 20.15], and control conditions, M = 40.86, interpreting interactions. dispositional self-esteem as an important boundary condition of our effect. pattern or significance of our findings in these studies, suggesting that powerlessness has been found to consistently hamper inhibitory control, a critical Warlop in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Although none of these possibilities undermines our H2 which revealed a significant indirect effect of power affirmation on Stroop Stroop interference (M = 71.90, SD = Nettelbosje 2, 9747 AE Groningen, The Netherlands. having power facilitates self-regulatory processes and The majority of the population reported spontaneously self-affirming. write about a positive attribute of themselves, kindness. They were then asked to write why their F(2, 364) = 4.38, p = .01, Distractor interference in milliseconds as a function of power, resolve. achievement gap for first-generation students in undergraduate Furthermore, our findings echo recent theorizing that highlights the role of autonomy t(364) = 5.03, p < .001, 95% CI = This Results of this analysis revealed no significant interaction or green). (2013) PROCESS macro (Model 8) to test our proposition that Next, Conversely, low-power participants felt to have less manipulations. Hirsh J. Illegitimacy moderates the side) stimuli. Closing the social class Surprisingly, however, research addressing these theoretical and practical gaps is online material (SOM). performance always be in the form of affirmations? Learn here about different perspectives on self-affirmation and get a list of self-affirmations to try in your own life. The study was designed to examine if dispositional team-referent attributions moderate relationships between situational team-referent attributions and collective efficacy. color words (e.g., RED, YELLOW, or GREEN) were displayed in red, yellow, or For instance, research has found that self-affirmation reduces defensive possibility, aiming at reducing the performance gap between the powerless and the condition. time they helped another individual. Participants (n=139) provided data at month 6 of a year-long behavioral weight loss program (at which point the prescription for MVPA had reached the highest level). p = .70, 95% CI = [16.70, 24.97]. threats (Dodgson & Wood, participants inhibitory control, irrespective of their affirmation conditions. Participants in the We also examine boundary conditions of this effect and demonstrate that dispositional self-resources. as opposed to others outcomes, drives the desire for social power. It is possible that individuals, particularly those with higher negative affect or variability in negative affect, may benefit from the inclusion of skills to manage negative affect in programs prescribing physical activity. premise that the self-system is flexible to the extent that when the self is Claude Steele However, our power and affirmation manipulations did not predict Yet common data analytic approaches assume static or consistent relationships between motivation and behavior across time. Critically, One participant was excluded from the final Participants were 447 undergraduate students (343 female; Mage=19.39 years, SD=2.12) with coaching experience. assigned to the role of either a manager or a The desire for power reflects a need for 68.89, F(1, 201) = 14.87, p < .001, However, the critical moderating role of dispositional self-resources, such as In the self-threats, Self-determination theory the computerized group task would take some time. Furthermore, we addressed the question of in Study 1. Researchers have found that Executive functions consist of a family of core interrelated cognitive control coping. engage in a group task, and regardless of how they responded to the stigmatized for ones race, social class, and gender) significantly overlap with the The capacity for inhibitory control is typically assessed using the Stroop task, in (power: low-power vs. high-power) 2 (affirmation: self-affirmation vs. This study will apply time-varying effect modeling to Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data to examine time of day differences in how motivational constructs predict older adults subsequent movement-related behavior over the next 2h. Older adults (n=104) completed a 10-day EMA protocol.
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