Investigators in all parts of the world, including the United States, Europe, and Asia, would greatly benefit from reviews that summarize the capabilities of these Asian centers in more detail. There are many examples of all of these uses of NHP genomic sequences in the literature, and I expect that the use of genomic sequences will increase markedly in the future. [7], In September 2017, Nathan Herschler, J.D. [48], In the 21st century billions of animals have been used for human's benefit through animal testing of consumer products, in the United States and dozens of other countries. For-profit centers (Contract Research Organizations (CROs)) also are a major source of animals for preclinical research. Richard Stouffer and Teresa Woodruff review the use of NHPs to study critical issues related to womens reproductive health. Spring 2005. 2016). A Technologies to modify the genomes of rodents have formed the basis of developing many disease models, particularly in the laboratory mouse. [49], The American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) is NEAVS' sister organization. Animals often suffer greatly in these studies, as they are inflicted with diseases, traumas, and pain they would not normally experience in order to mimic human conditions. [53], NEAVS policy advocacy includes petitioning the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to require, when existing, validated alternatives in place of animal testing through the Mandatory Alternatives Petition (MAP) Coalition,[54] lobbying for dissection choice,[25] petitioning the U.S. . HIV/AIDS vaccine development is one of the most important and difficult goals of modern translational medicine. Some basic discoveries may be obtained from studies using rodents (reviewed by Zubari and Lutz 2016) and other models, such as zebrafish (Danio rario), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), and nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) (reviewed by Strange (2017)). Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Protection for All Chimpanzees Captive and Wild as Endangered", "NIH must retire chimpanzees to sanctuary", "Petition for Rulemaking: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services", "Agency Moves to Retire Most Research Chimps", "Announcement of Agency Decision: Recommendations on the Use of Chimpanzees in NIH-Supported Research", "Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC)", "Common Ground: Animals, Women, Environment", "Humane Science the Focus of Feline Meeting", "The Chimps Hear the Good News: IOM Concludes 'chimpanzees [are] not necessary', Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Labs, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), Animal rights in Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, List of international animal welfare conventions, Moral status of animals in the ancient world, University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals, Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes, An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Anti-Vivisection_Society&oldid=1146938653, Animal welfare organizations based in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox organization with motto or pledge, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 March 2023, at 21:39. In response to a request by members of the US Congress, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a workshop in December of 2016 entitled, NIH Workshop on Ensuring the Continued Responsible Oversight of Research with Nonhuman Primates. The final report can be accessed at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf. In summary, advances in NHP genomics have high potential to identify and develop NHP models of use for translational research. As issue editor, I expect that these reviews will be of use to many different researchers, including clinical investigators as well as personnel in funding agencies, as would be expected. Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases), Media (books, films, periodicals, albums), Terminal laboratories in veterinary education, Dissection choice policy in Massachusetts, Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research, Common ground: animals, women, environment, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research, Howard, Carol. Founded by Ethel Thurston, PhD, in 1977, AFAAR's mission is to "promote and assist the development and use of alternatives to animals in science." National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Arrowsmith "[5], In anticipation of his retirement, Amory appointed a nominating committee that chose psychologist and former NEAVS board member, Theodora Capaldo, EdD, to succeed him. 2016) should increase and contribute to the utility of NHPs for translational research. Reduced ability to transport animals by air has partially inhibited the ability to move NHPs from one center to another, and for US academic researchers, has inhibited transfer of animals from one continent to another. These new requirements will be challenging for investigators proposing NHP-based research and for peer reviewers, in part because of the expense associated with each animal in an NHP-based study and the potential difficulty of obtaining adequate numbers of females, neonates, or juveniles. Our data and tools help professionals prospect for nonprofits, research opportunities, benchmark their clients, and enrich existing information. (2016). WebNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH reported its two largest programs on its FY 2020 Form 990 as: $802,445 Spent in most recent FY 66% Percent of program The US National Research Council Institute for Laboratory Animal Research and the National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research in the United Kingdom have provided guidance to journal editors, authors, and reviewers regarding information that should be included in publications relating to experimental animals (National Research Council 2011; Kilkenny et al. These approaches, whether whole genome sequencing or alternatives, are likely to primarily identify Mendelian (single gene) mutations but are less likely to identify the great majority of genetic variants that contribute to complex diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, which are caused by several genes (each of which contributes a low probability of risk to disease). Chimpanzees are the only animal model that can be used to test strategies for prevention or amelioration of Hepatis B and C and are the most useful model for Hepatitis A. CROs still have the ability to move animals from Asia to the United States. IA (2016) and Bimber et al. The ability to lower costs, develop more cost-effective sequencing technologies and more sophisticated phenotyping assays, and increase coordination and cooperation among centers will likely be needed to realize this potential. Federal legislation introduced in 2015 gained momentum toward ending Additionally, a large number of scientists use genetic engineering (i.e., inserting, deleting, or otherwise altering the function of genes) or physical, chemical, and/or biological means to cause human conditions or symptoms in animals, creating models who may exhibit human diseases. In this article Ronald Veasey and the late Andrew Lackner emphasize studies in NHPs that underlay all of these advances: understanding the basic features of pathogenesis of HIV-like viruses (SIVs) using monkeys such as rhesus macaques. Productive breeding colonies were rapidly reestablished at the recipient NPRCs, suggesting a relative lack of stress on macaques and marmosets caused by movement among centers. 2016). [25][28][26], NEAVS launched its national Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign in 2003 to end the use of chimpanzees in invasive biomedical research and provide them permanent homes in sanctuary. These nonprofit centers seldom import animals. , Locke P. Grimm K Paper topics include findings of research chimpanzee autopsy reports, the implications of genetic differences between chimpanzees and humans, and the applicability of using chimpanzees as research models for cancer, hepatitis C, and AIDS. Identified 4 new grant, including a grant for, American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders (APFED), Supporters of Agricultural Research Foundation, The Howard and Georgeanna Jones Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, Private Foundation Excise Taxes on Undistributed Income, Gifts from Private Foundations to Donor Advised Funds, Interim Executive Director / Director of Development, Director of Government Relations and Policy, Net gain from sale of non-inventory assets. This issue of the ILAR journal brings together, in one place, articles that discuss the use of NHP models for studying human diseases that are highly prevalent and that cause extraordinary human suffering and financial and social burdens. Significantly, animal rights activity appears to be aimed at influencing members of the US Congress or the executive branch, who have direct influence over the budgets that are provided by the US government to the funding agencies. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The United States is the only country that continues wide-scale housing of chimpanzees in laboratories and permits their use in invasive research. WebThe NADL (later renamed the National Animal Disease Center, or NADC) contained research and regulatory laboratories. A second example is the varied stress that is experienced by macaques that are in different places in the dominance hierarchies within the colonies that are the basis of group housing of these animals. , Schoenbaum EE, Lee LS, Schteingart DE, Marantz PR, Anderson KE, Platt LD, Baez A, Esposito K. Sasaki As this article was being written, the US Food and Drug Administration temporarily suspended research aimed at understanding aspects of nicotine addiction using squirrel monkeys, apparently based on a direct request of the primatologist, Dr. Jane Goodall, to the FDA Commissioner (McGinley 2017). Typically, they rely on animal models, research subjects that mimic a specific malady. The point for the current review is not that problems related to reproducibility of animal studies exist, but that dealing with systemic issues such as sample size and blinding can be a major issue for translational studies using NHPs, as it is for rodents. National Association for Biomedical Research The animal rights organizations are more successful at molding public opinion than are the research organizations that use animals. NHPs were critical preclinical models for development of these antiviral drugs (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017). I thank the many practitioners of NHP-based research with whom I had conversations over many years at the NIH. . , Sparman M, Sritanaudomchai H, Ma H, Clepper L, Woodward J, Li Y, Ramsey C, Kolotushkina O, Mitalipov S. Tardif NEAVS funds scientists developing alternatives, and advocates for policies requiring use of validated animal alternatives in research and testing. The authors also point out that NHPs are well positioned as models to understand the effects of new drugs of abuse as they are introduced into societies. BN , Zhang XF, Choi SH, Okahara J, Sasaki E, Silva AC. They summarize data for disorders associated with ovarian and uterine function and deleterious conditions associated with pregnancy. Want updates when NEAVS has new information, or want to find more organizations like Rise for Animals (NEAVS)? In the past several years, there has been considerable discussion regarding the reproducibility of animal studies and therefore the utility of animals for translational research. 2017). We offer free resources to academic institutions, non-profit organizations, and Within the continental United States, most species of NHPs can be moved very safely by truck. Monroe, C. Baird, J. Peterson, A. Mast, M. Manco-Johnson, M. Stobb, S. Sindi, A. Fogelson, K. Leiderman, K.B. Alternatively, NHP whole genome sequence data could potentially be used to develop tools analogous to the human HapMap (International HapMap consortium 2007), which has been used to identify human genes involved in complex diseases (reviewed by Manolio 2013, 2017). Efforts aimed at more extensive phenotyping of NHPs will be facilitated by the existing capability for imaging and behavioral testing already present at the NPRCs and elsewhere in the research community. DM Therefore, NHPs are usually a critical component in translational research projects aimed at developing therapeutics, vaccines, devices or other interventions aimed at preventing, curing or ameliorating human disease. "[1], The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) was founded in 1895 in Boston, Massachusetts, in response to the migration of European vivisection practices to the United States. [83] K. Leiderman, S.S. Sindi, D.M. . [47], NEAVS supports using alternatives to animals in research, testing, and education, and promotes in vitro, epidemiological, and clinical study data as more predictive for humans. Our many thanks to the corporate sponsors of our conferences: An independent non-profit Vascular Ultrasound Society, Copyright 2023 Northern New England Vascular Society. , Browne WJ, Cuthill IC, Emerson M, Altman DG. An Assessment of the Role of Chimpanzees in AIDS Vaccine Research Bailey, J. MA Arrays have also been developed to aid in aspects of colony management, such as testing for parentage or geographic origin (Kanthaswamy et al. With the support of people like you, we save animals from 2009), autism (Liu et al. 2010). Funding agencies, in collaboration with investigators, may need to find mechanisms to increase support for NHP-related investigations that require larger numbers of certain types of animals, such as females. There is no good solution to this problem, which is outside the control of the end users of the animals. These authors discuss many aspects of preclinical studies using NHPs, including the necessity for having the proper containment facilities, and the ability to study the effects of co-morbidities such as infection by simian immunodeficiency virus (leading potentially to simian AIDS), long-term exposure to alcohol, and diabetes. WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the Cox [3], Author Cleveland Amory was NEAVS president from 1987 until 1998. I am a psychologist and President of New England Anti-Vivisection Society. WebThe NIH announces an end to funding biomedical research on chimpanzees and that all federally-owned chimpanzees are eligible for retirement to sanctuary, 2015. The sudden emergence of a pathogen such as Zika or Ebola virus can cause problems related to supply and demand, since rapid response to these infections often requires use of specific types of animals in excess of plans in place at the time. The well-established difference in the response of Indian- versus Chinese-origin rhesus macaques to infection by simian immunodeficiency virus is a graphic example of this phenomenon (Harding 2017 and references therein; Van Rompay 2017). They cite approaches to vaccine development that were first tested successfully in NHPs and have now moved to Phase II human clinical trials and also make the point that some vaccine approaches that appeared to be successful in mice, but were not tested in NHPs, failed in humans. [38][55][56][57], Through its Sanctuary Fund, NEAVS makes grants to organizations providing lifetime care for animals previously used in research. As discussed by Hewitt et al. Examples include studies of several visual abnormalities (Mustari 2017), development of HIV/AIDS vaccines and therapeutics (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017), and therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. They note that NHPs are particularly useful preclinical models because of their genetic similarity to humans, size, and the relatively faster rate of development of CVD compared to humans. The ability of primate centers to quickly respond to relatively sudden increases in demand remains an unsolved problem. These advantages relate, in part, to the anatomy and physiology of NHPs, which allow the same types of investigations as are performed using human subjects and to the ability to pair longitudinal drug self-administration studies with noninvasive imaging studies. WebAbout NNEVS. Web1981 Frederick Coulston, a toxicologist, establishes the White Sands Research Center (renamed the Coulston Foundation), a biomedical research lab in New Mexico. Lisa Miller and colleagues review the role of NHP preclinical models for understanding and treating a number of severe respiratory conditions, including damage to the airway associated with inhaled ozone and tobacco smoke, diseases associated with airway inflammation (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and infection with viruses such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, and others. . L A major goal is to develop better drug formulations or new approaches that can sustain viral remission, also called a functional cure without ART, or eradicate virus completely, called a sterilizing or classic cure (NIH Office of AIDS Research 2017). Topics covered in detail include: tuberculosis; viral hepatitis; HIV/AIDS; neurodegenerative disorders; Substance abuse disorders; vision and prevention of blindness; disorder associated with psychosocial processes, such as anxiety, depression and loneliness; cardiovascular disease; metabolic disease, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome; respiratory disease; and female reproduction, prenatal development and women's health. This article describes and discusses the details of this program (termed the Biobehavioral Assessment Program), the differences between these naturally occurring NHP models and induced models of conditions such as loneliness, and measurement of relevant physiological and genetic parameters in these animal models. LA , Liesz A. Manolio S 2017). Human vaccine trials based on NHP preclinical models have not demonstrated sufficient efficacy to warrant large-scale application to human populations but have provided critical information that can be used to develop more effective vaccines (Office of AIDS Research 2017; Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017, and references therein). NEAVS' Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to Animal Research in Women's Health and Sex Differences funds a woman committed to alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences in research results. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, 2.6 Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research; 3 Current campaigns. 2015), and animals with genetically encoded calcium indicators that can be used for imaging neural activity in vivo (Park et al. KKA [6], Under Capaldo, the board and staff developed and attempted to implement a succession of new strategies with which to achieve the organization's sole mission of ending the use of animals in science and replacing them with non-animal and scientifically superior alternatives. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. John D. Harding at. The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical models. One response by some researchers and funding agencies aimed at increasing the reproducibility and decreasing the cost of translational studies has been to develop alternatives to the use of whole animals, such as cell lines, artificial tissue arrays (tissues on a chip), in silico modeling, and micro-dosing of pharmaceuticals in human patients and volunteer controls. . A particularly timely example is development of a highly efficacious vaccine for HIV/AIDS. Development of transgenic animals that closely replicate human diseases, particularly using CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches (reviewed by Chen et al. %PDF-1.5 WebNew England Anti-Vivisection Society | 333 Washington Street, Suite 850 | Boston, MA 02108 PAPERS AVAILABLE ON REQUEST NAS/IOM Committee Meeting on The Use of Believe it or not: How much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets? John D. Harding, PhD, recently retired after several years of service at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, where he was program officer for grants funding the US National Primate Research Centers. Although it would be impractical to publish the entire animal record for each experimental subject, these records contain a great deal of information that could be mined by qualified investigators to aid in the design of experiments and to form the basis of retrospective studies that could include animals or tissues derived from them from several different centers and investigations. This type of multi-center approach is often used for clinical studies by the medical community (Llovera and Liesz 2016 and references therein) and by the human genomics community for large-scale investigations of large human disease cohorts, using genome-wide association studies (Manolio 2013, 2017). (2017), lack of rigor in preclinical animal studies, including basic aspects of reproducibility such as blinding, sample sizes, and use of both males and females, contribute to lack of reproducibility. WebThe Experimental Use of Chickens and Other Birds in Biomedical and Agricultural Research by Karen Davis, PhD, President of United Poultry Concerns, was graciously funded by the In response to the general problem of reproducibility of both basic and preclinical research using animals, the NIH has recently published new requirements for grant applications, which will be part of peer-review and programmatic consideration (Hewitt et al. <> 1-4, British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, "Amory eulogized for wit, work for animal rights", "Making Burros Fly: Cleveland Amory, Animal Rescue Pioneer", "ICCVAM Summary Review Document: The Low Volume Eye Test", "Fido Goes to the lab: Amending the Animal Welfare Act to Require Animal Rescue Facilities to Disclose Pound Seizure Practices to Pet Owners", "Toxicology Testing Called into Question", "Comparison of Alternatives Offered by Veterinary Schools", "Students Can Voice Their Choice in Massachusetts", "Ed commissioner pushes for dissection alternatives", "Massachusetts Curriculum Frameworks: Policy on Dissection and Dissection Alternatives Activities", "U.S. to Begin Retiring Most Research Chimps", "Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories (Project R&R)", "A Review of Autopsy Reports on Chimpanzees in or from U.S. Laboratories", "Lessons from Chimpanzee-Based Research on Human Disease: The Implications of Genetic Differences", "An Assessment of the Use of Chimpanzees in Hepatitis C Research Past, Present and Future (Part 1): Validity of the Chimpanzee Model", "An Examination of Chimpanzee Use in Human Cancer Research", "An Assessment of the Role of Chimpanzees in AIDS Vaccine Research", "The Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act", "Petition Before the Fish and Wildlife Service United States Department of the Interior", "U.S. The development of vaccines that prevent infection of humans by Hepatitis A and B viruses and antivirals that provide curative therapies for hepatitis C virus infections is one of the clearest examples of the critical nature of an NHP preclinical model, in this case the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). 2014; other examples reviewed by Hewitt et al. (5) Design of primers for assays that utilize the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for genetic modification using CRISPR/Cas9 or other techniques for developing genetically modifying animals. These common disorders of the female reproductive system include polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, placental dysfunction, and preterm labor, among others. Cynomolgus macaques are imported from Asia and provided to academic and industrial investigators by CROs. . Annual membership to the NNEVS gives you access to CME events, networking opportunities and much more. C $35 annual membership gives you access to CME events. , Emborg ME. The crux of my testimony is that imposing a dichotomy between ethical and scientific argumentsas asked to do by In 2016, a white paper published by the National Association for Biomedical Research briefly discussed scientific breakthroughs that required the use of NHPs (National Association for Biomedical Research 2016). Given the complexity of translational research and the fact that any animal model cannot totally reproduce the human condition, there are many challenges and opportunities when NHPs are used for translation. M.J. Osmond, E. Korthals, C.J. In practice, as is clear from the papers in this issue, several different animal models may be used to study a specific problem in translational science. Underpinning all of these studies is the close similarity in physiology between the NHP and human respiratory systems. , Miller P. Bayne [42] In 2012, NEAVS and others organizations submitted a rulemaking petition to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) asking for criteria defining when chimpanzees are no longer needed. WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the NIH, to investigate the current and future need for chimpanzees in research. NHPs provide particularly useful preclinical models for studying these conditions, because, like humans, optimal visual acuity depends on frontally placed eyes, retinal specializations, and binocular vision. Commercial airlines that once transported NHPs no longer do so. JD The NIH policy announcement also goes on to suggest "inadequate inclusion of female cells and animals in experiments and inadequate analysis of data by sex may well contribute to the troubling rise of irreproducibility in preclinical biomedical research." [40][41][30], In 2000, the Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection (CHIMP) Act was signed into law, authorizing the retirement of chimpanzees in research who were "not needed". Exceptions to this are the NPRCs and other US centers that have publicly available websites that actively promote use of NHPs for translational research (https://nprcresearch.org/primate/). Every year in the U.S., millions of animals are used as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, and anatomy and physiology. Nevertheless, there are now several examples of creation of genetically modified monkeys that can be used for translational research. JCI J WebContact Who is Neavs Headquarters 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States Phone Number (617) 523-6020 Website www.releasechimps.org D In the context of NHP-based studies, it is important to note that centers such as the NPRCs maintain very detailed computerized animal records that include many of these data. The ability to transport NHPs by air has changed dramatically in the past several years. Y <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Genomic and exomic sequences of NHPs can now be obtained readily, at moderate, but still significant, cost. WebIn 2010, the European Commission passed legislation to prohibit the use of great apes in biomedical research. This issue of the journal includes a review of procedures for environmental enrichment, which helps assure animal health and wellbeing.
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