South African Journal of African Languages ), The Phonetics-Phonology Interface: Representations and Methodologies, 171192. & M. The 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong, August 1721, 2011, 14581461. Leiden: Leiden University, PhD dissertation. (Available online at. J. I. Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin Area. & Sands, B. T. (2011) Notes on Nyokon Phonology (Bantu A.45, Cameroon). Post-alveolar clicks have the greatest rarefaction, lateral clicks the least, perhaps because the contra-lateral bracing of the tongue in the lateral clicks may constrain the amount of tongue-center lowering that is possible. Myers, S. Figure 3.14 Bastin, Y. ), Rhotics: New Data and Perspectives, 173190. Ladefoged , Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Thomas-Vilakati confirms that the velar closure always precedes the front closure; this accounts for the fact that nasals preceding clicks assimilate in place to velar position, and corrects a misobservation by Doke (1926), who believed the front closure was formed first: the velar closure must be released after the front closure for the click mechanism to work, but it could in principle be formed later. Narayanan In Rialland N. In both cases aspects of timing are particularly relevant. These pictures are magnetic resonance images of sustained vowels produced by Pither Medjo Mv, a speaker of the Bitam variety of Fang A75 (Demolin et al. Bantu peoples, the approximately 85 million speakers of the more than 500 distinct languages of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family, occupying almost the entire southern projection of the African continent. S. I must now turn to a more detailed consideration of one Greenberg's language families and the word-lists which appear to be basic evidence. Pharyngealised vowels occur in a few other Bantu languages including Gyele A801 (Blench 2011) and Jarawan Bantu (Rueck et al. , shows, the shift from sealed to open occurs rapidly and completely, here between the two frames numbered 170 and 180. C. J. ), Beitrge zur 1. Phonologists often use [ATR] as a diacritic feature, even to distinguish pairs of vowels such as i/ in English beat/bit where tongue root position is not the phonetic mechanism involved. & , Bo (2016) Aspects of the Intonational Phonology of Bs. Certain more complex patterns, such as those noted by Hombert (1990) in Fang A75, and by Roux (1995) in Xhosa S41, may require a more elaborate model. Figure 3.32 (1996) Notes on Unencoded Speech: Clicks and Their Accompaniments in Xhosa. (2003) F0 Timing in Kinyarwanda. Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, H. S. & This type of segment might well be described as an aspirated voiceless nasal. Except in post-nasal environments and sometimes before his reconstructed super-high vowels, the reconstructed voiced plosives most commonly correspond to voiced continuants of one type or another or to implosives in the modern languages. Africana Linguistica Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. Idiatov Thomas-Vilakatis aerodynamic data also reflect the different dynamics of the affricated and abrupt clicks. ), Tabasaranskie Etjudy, 616. A discussion of Bantu phonetics would not be complete without reference to some of the studies of the major prosodic characteristics of the languages. Segebarth Omar (1978) Experimental Study of Implosive and Voiced Egressive Stops in Shona: An Interim Report. 39(2): 129161. Louw A particularly interesting claim is made by Mathangwane (1999) concerning her pronunciation of parallel forms in Kalanga S16. Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 akabwa [akab (ed. Journal of Phonetics The chapter is organised into sections on vowels, consonants and prosody. 1989, Pongweni 1990). Manuel, S. Y. , 7(1): 146. (1931a) A Comparative Study of Shona Phonetics. Figure 3.27 , & Hyman Source: Recording made by Peter Ladefoged in 1979 and archived at the UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive (. . For this reason it is possible to examine on a general basis certain features of the class system of these languages that is involved in the use of concord. (1999) Clicks in East African Languages. Each point represents the mean of between seven and 27 tokens of unreduced stem-initial vowels spoken by a male speaker. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences A. . Haacke, W. H. G. (eds. & Click loss is an on-going process in Chopi (Bailey 1995) and in Imusho Fwe (Gunnink forthcoming). 3: 19811984. The pharyngealised vowel is longer than the plain vowel, which reflects the origin of the pharyngealisation from a reduced velar stops in C2 position in roots of the shape C1VC2V (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). A.-M. Engstrand, O. In the South-West, the area near where the borders of Namibia, Angola, Botswana and Zambia meet, the largest number of clicks is found in Yeyi R41. Figure 3.31 San Diego: Academic Press. 4: 109132. Phonetica F. Demolin . A. It is difficult to be certain that ATR contrasts exist in a language unless direct articulatory data on the vocal tract configuration during vowel production is available. (2015) Downstep in Tswana (Southern Bantu). Chebanne Source: Mid-sagittal MRI scans of isolated vowels, made available by Didier Demolin. & (1971) An Outline Structure of Southern Sotho. van Oostendorp, M. The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015. The Bantu languages (English: UK: / b n t u /, US: / b n t u / Proto-Bantu: *bant) are a language family of about 600 languages that are spoken by the Bantu peoples of Central, Southern, Eastern and Southeast Africa. (1996) The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi. The waveform of an intervocalic bilabial implosive in Tonga S62 is shown in T. (2002) Bantu Cologne Reconstructions 3. South African Journal of African Languages Lee Source: Recording and images made available by Michael Proctor. Figure 3.15 (2013) Phonological Devoicing and Phonetic Voicing in Setswana. Among phoneticians, the Bantu languages have a reputation as not having many interesting features, with the exception of the clicks introduced in some languages of the southern area. Huffman, M. K. Barbosa Boyer, O. Tlale Recordings made by the first author of two other female speakers of Kalanga S16, one from Francistown in Botswana and one from Zimbabwe, did not replicate the pattern suggested by Mathangwane. S. (ed. Downing, L. J. Create a chart to keep track of your information. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 2024, Kyoto. Nabirye, M. The accompaniment refers to all the other aspects of the click: laryngeal action and timing, nasal coupling, and the location (uvular or velar) and manner of release (abrupt or affricated) of the back closure. , The maxima in In the central (Imusho) variety of Fwe, the word papyrus may be pronounced with an unaspirated dental click ([ruoma]), as in , Figure 3.20 Hamann, S. , . , Jacottet, E. Cleveland: Central Mission Press. T. N. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation, 885889. K. Shona S10 and Kalanga S16 are also marked by the occurrence of a type of labialisation co-produced with alveolar fricatives which have led to these segments being named whistled, or whistling fricatives (Doke 1931a, Bladon et al. A. Carleton, T. There is a distinct breathy/slack voiced nasalised accompaniment; these two series are depressor consonants. Some speakers of Xhosa S41 produce plain clicks with ejection (Jessen 2002). ), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. R. compares the pitch contours of the Swati S43 words /lhl/ aloe and /lhl/ harrow, where / / is a diacritic to mark the fact that the consonant is a depressor in the second word. (eds. The last of these was often described as palatal in older literature. Sock, R. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics (1989) An Acoustic and Perceptual Analysis of Xhosa Vowels. Valle Source: Recording made available by Koen Bostoen. (1995) Toward a Theory of Phonological and Phonetic Timing: Evidence from Bantu. Kingston, J. Abry 31: 179198. M. Reports and Papers, 307450. In the Ngwato S31c variety of Tswana S31, ejectives are weak and are sometimes lenited, with loss of ejection: /t k/ ~ [t kx] (Gouskova et al. (2008) The Acoustic Correlates of ATR Harmony in Seven- and Nine-Vowel African Languages: A Phonetic Inquiry Into Phonological Structure. Somewhat similar facts have been shown for the Zezuru S12 variety of Shona (Maddieson 1990). S. In Mabuta The question of the role of ATR interacts with the question of the nature of the high vowels, as the *super-high/*high contrast might have been an expression of an ATR contrast or transformed into one in daughter languages. , & Southern Sotho S33 only has a single click type which may vary in place. Bennett, W. G. Sands 13(2): 171196. & Figure 3.26 Myers, S. The ATR vowel /e/ and the RTR vowel /e/ differ both in the shape of the tongue body and in the amount of tongue root retraction, which can be estimated by the volume of tongue mass which occurs to the left of the white dotted line. Figure 3.10 (1954) The Southern Bantu Languages. Figure 3.26 A plot of vowel distribution in Nyamwezi F22 is shown in Figure 3.25 (2009) Phonology and Phonetics of Tone in Northern Sotho, a Southern Bantu language. (2014) How to Study a Tone Language, with Exemplification from Oku (Grassfields Bantu, Cameroon). (1990) A Linguistic Analysis of Venda. (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of African Linguistics 47, University of California, Berkeley. The other back vowel pair /o o/ shows a smaller than expected F2 difference given the size of the difference between their first formants; a substantial pharynx width difference coupled with a degree of opening of the oral constriction may be inferred. Heins Although these acoustic measurements are suggestive, it should be borne in mind that inferences from simple formant measures concerning vowel articulation must be made with caution. South-West and South-East Bantu languages with clicks. Washington, DC: Georgetown University, PhD dissertation. In Pholia 30: 591627. (1982) Liquids in Chaga. Sitoe, B. 88: 12861298. Kisseberth, C. There are four click accompaniments in Fwe K402: voiceless unaspirated, voiced oral, voiced nasal and voiceless nasal, but the language has no contrast for click type or place (Gunnink forthcoming). & In Kln: Institut fr Afrikanistik der Universitt zu Kln. Goesche 19(1): 119. , Kodzasov, S. V. , Kishindo, P. J. ), Selected Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 8289. Figure 3.30 The 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong, August 1721, 2011, 17261729. v broadly demonstrates the need for micro-linguistic and language-specific considerations in the & (1995) Nasal Consonant Harmony at a Distance: The Case of Yaka. , Typically, studies of intonation in Bantu languages tend to look at F0 and duration; measures of intensity and spectral tilt are less often used to identify prosodic cues (Zerbian & Barnard 2008). (2011) Bantu Tone. (2009) NUGL Online: The Online Version of the New Updated Guthrie List, a Referential Classification of the Bantu Languages (4 Juni 2009) (Available online at. South African Journal of African Languages Beddor, P. S. Doke, C. M. R. (eds. Ultrasound images of Nande JD42 vowels a) ATR /e/ b) RTR /e/, taken along the mid-sagittal plane. 60(2): 7197. Figure 3.22 & Malcolm Guthrie in his classification of Bantu languages (1967-71) places this language in zone N in the unit N31. Yeyi R41 has eight different accompaniments (Fulop et al. G.-M. O. T. In Bemba M42, however, new information focus is indicated on a subject by its placement in post-verbal position and by pitch raising of the pre-focus constituent (Kula & Hamann 2016). 2014, Braver 2017). | Terms & conditions. ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne, 1721 August 2009, 219224. Hombert 1989, Sitoe 1996), but their functional load in these lects is not well known. Downing, L. J. & J. Monaka, K. C. EPG frames showing the releasing phase of a post-alveolar click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. The small arrows on the waveform show a distinct anterior and dorsal burst on the first click. 2(4): 685729. (2013) Dissimilation by Surface Correspondence in Aghem Velarized Diphthongs. Studies in African Linguistics Determine their location, language, culture, and place in society in their country/region. Kuperus, J. It is clear that Greenberg is dealing with an entirely different kind of time and relationship than that relevant for Common Bantu. Phonological theories, phonetic theories, and hypotheses about patterns of sound change can be tested in this real-world laboratory, ensuring the popularity of Bantu languages as subjects of research for years to come.
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