Meanwhile, the Browns, under new owner Bill Veeck, began a concerted effort to drive the Cardinals out of town. In 2000, the franchise was valued at $219 million,[23] a growth rate of 327%. 212 Mrs. Under 347.125 Charter Number LC0538980, Missouri Business Filings. 92 Becker Backed Out, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 24, 1898. Louis National Baseball Club the legal name for the Cardinals.468 Anheuser-Busch was to be the parent company of this new subsidiary. 147 Thinks Roger Wise In Ending Spring Series, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 28, 1908. At a banquet held at the Mercantile Club in St. Louis on March 30, three hundred attendees were informed that $178,850 in stock was purchased enough to make the first payment of $150,000 to Britton, during the first week of April.226, When he wasnt pitching the idea of owning stock in the Cardinals to St. Louis business executives, Jones was looking for someone with a baseball background who could handle the daily off-field operations of the team. He married Emma Hoffman, a native Missourian of German descent, in 1870 and they had a son, Edward. 7, From 1878-1881, watching semipro teams at the Grand Avenue Grounds, was one place where St. Louis fans could go to get their base ball fix. 222 OConnor, 10,000 Local Fans to Buy Cardinals, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 28, 1917. 458 The Busch Family, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 30, 1989. 530 Neal Russo, Keane Quits As Manager Of Cardinals, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 16, 1964. 329 With Garnett Marks (aka Rhino Bill), the games were on radio for good except in 1934 when Breadon forbade broadcasts because of the perceived negative effect on attendance in 1932 and 1933.330 KMOX wasnt the only station showcasing the Cardinals. 423 Cards to Get New Park in 4-5 Years, St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 29, 1949. The St. Louis National Baseball Club, (charter No. Correa was fired, then banned from baseball for life, along with serving a prison sentence of 46 months. 245 Cards Arrange to Pay $75,000 Note, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 11, 1920. Rickey had scout Charley Barrett sign collegiate and high school players who had flown under the radar and then assign them to teams in what became known as the farm system. Gussie was ahead of his time when he wanted to rename the ballpark Budweiser Stadium.473 The National League refused his request, saying naming the ballpark after his flagship beer would be an enticement for minors to use alcohol.474 Gussie instead named the ballpark in honor of his grandfather (Adolphus Busch), father August A. Busch Sr. and his brother Adolphus Busch III calling it Busch Stadium.475 In 1955, Anheuser-Busch rolled out a new beer called Busch Bavarian in honor of his family heritage.476, He also did not give up the beer-baseball connection at the ballpark that other teams and their brewery sponsors enjoyed. 657 Caesar, Cards Fly back to KMOX, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 2, 2010. In a separate action, Circuit Judge Daniel Fisher dismissed Robisons injunction request against Heidrick in an oral decision.136, The Browns outperformed the Cardinals in both the standings and attendance in 1902. 363 New Park For Cards Despite Long Lease At Sportsmans, St. Louis Star and Times, November 13, 1944. 421 Browns File Suit to Evict Cardinals from Ballpark, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 1, 1949. Lack of Home Drawing Power Scares Off Oklahoma Millionaire. Longview News Journal, December 2, 1934. 76 Chris Driven to Extremities, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 21, 1896. 416 Dent McSkimming, President Saigh to Use Four-Man Huddle, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 28, 1949. 97 Browns Suspended, St. Louis Post-Dispatch , March 1, 1899. Missouri Business Filings. A majority of the owners supported Chandler, but not the necessary 12 and Saigh remained a vocal opponent.431, Still full of bravado Chandler asked the owners to vote again on a new contract. ONE OF THE THINGS that allows the Cardinals to operate in such a consistent fashion is the constancy of the St. Louis fan base. The first was to sell tickets at a drug store located in the citys business district. St. Louis Cardinals (National League), 1911-1916. It would be well to bear in mind that paper teams seldom win pennants.56. Two years later, the team moved to the National League and was renamed the Cleveland Spiders. However, several years of delays postponed the groundbreaking and construction until spring of 2013.[19]. The total value of the franchise was roughly $3,700.15 His first act as owner was to sign Charlie Comiskey, first baseman of the Dubuque Rabbits, to a new contract for $150 a month.16, Von der Ahe wanted to take his new team into an organized league. [14] Saigh would have almost certainly been thrown out of baseball if he hadn't sold the team. 665 Opening Events, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 23, 2014; Nathan Ruebblke,Ballpark Village Tower Nears Completion As Cardinals Mull Districts Reopening Plan, Bizjournals, May 11, 2020. I think Breadon has made a mistake in his own interests, charged John C. Pritchard director of the citys Public Utilities. This page is not available in other languages. https://bsd.sos.mo.gov. OConnor, Threat of Strike Spoils Chance to Dispose of Cards, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 29, 1917. From 1932-1940, Breadon and Rickey engineered 36 transactions that involved cash considerations coming back to the Cardinals worth at least $490,000. Before all that happened, Breadon, had to turn down a megadeal for the Cardinals drawing card Rogers Hornsby after the 1920 season. The DeWitt ownership group did its part by making Busch Stadium more conducive to the game of baseball, replacing the AstroTurf with real grass, and making other upgrades to the stadium. 428 Steven Goldman, Jackie Robinson Day MLB. The tenant outdrew the landlord from 1926-1943. Eventually, that got Stanleys goat and their relationship suffered. He knew what it took to make the fans come to the ballpark. This possibility allowed Von der Ahe to win an additional six-month delay in the sheriffs sale.92, The axe fell on Chris Von der Ahe on January 5, 1899 when the Mississippi Valley Trust Company foreclosed on Von der Ahe and the Sportsmans Park and Club Associations mortgage.93 Von der Ahe tried to argue that the Browns franchise was not secured by the mortgage.94 On January 23, the judge ruled against Von der Ahe and reinstated the Sheriffs auction.95 An appeal was overruled on February 6.96, Before the auction, the National League owners took steps to give Frank De Hass Robison clear title to the Browns National League membership. 539 Larry Fox, Baseballs 100th Year, Daily News, April 6, 1969. Robison Talks, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 17, 1899. 384 Sid C. Keener, Breadon to Keep Control of Cards; Cancels All Sales Plans, The St. Louis Star and Times, June 13, 1947. 612 Tim ONeil, Cardinal Owners Share Schooling, Social Status, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 23, 1995. The brewery, dating back to its pledges two decades earlier, already owned a quarter of CCRCs shares. 285 Samuel Breadon Was Married Last June, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 8, 1912. When Britton asked Bresnahan why he had switched camps, he was so disgusted with her demands for an explanation that he didnt tell her it was for the players benefit.175, Things got worse when Britton told Bresnahan that any trade had to be cleared first with the new president James C. Jones, an insurance attorney who replaced Steininger. Von der Ahe lost the suit because it was proved he had assumed all the shows expenses when he purchased the show at auction.67, As these financial failures mounted, Von der Ahe traded or sold his better players. 4 Includes benefits and bonuses. OConnor, Bresnahan Fired, Earned $227,000 for Team Owner, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 22, 1912. 178 W. J. OConnor, Hiring Huggins May Save Cards $8,000 a Season, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 24, 1912. The club was not for sale.212, A week later, she returned to her theme. 247 Cardinal Bleacher Capacity to Be Reduced; Rickey says 1,000 Seats Are Sufficient, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 17, 1918. August Jr., dubbed Gussie from an early age, was one of five children, with a brother Adolphus III and sisters Marie, Clara, and Alice Edna.451 His father had continued in the footsteps of Gussies grandfather, Adolphus, building a growing brewery and becoming a fixture as a civic leader.452, Gussie didnt finish high school. 435 Saigh Pleads No Contest, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 28, 1953. Smith Twins Sold, Daily Arkansas Gazette, May 20, 1922. The remaining $2.5 million, was the amount Saigh wanted to have free and clear from the sale.444 Part of that money he used to buy Anheuser-Busch shares. 177 W. J. OConnor, Mrs. The station agreed to a small rights fee, opportunities for the Cardinals to do cross-promotion with CBSs other radio stations and allowing the Cardinals to continue selling their own advertising. 29 Bracing Up, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 5, 1884. 202 Henry Weisels Makes Bid for Cardinals Club, The St. Louis Star and Times, February 14, 1916. Charlie Comiskey for the second time in two years took over as interim manager.29. It would save him $3,000 per year and gave him the right to make improvements as needed.61 Plans for a cafe, restaurant and saloon were on the drawing board. As his percentage of shares increased, Breadon got bigger slices of the dividend melon. When Cardinals lead owner and Chairman Bill DeWitt Jr. needed new investors for the ball club, he turned to familiar faces. 515 Frank Leeming, Jr., 46,048 Attend First Game in New Stadium, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 13, 1966. With success, Von der Ahe became more and more vocal when the team wasnt playing well. He had only recently sent in the renewal but hadnt received a reply from the insurance company that there was a policy in force. Fourteen MSGs rotated working games over the nine years it was operating. Endeavor said it is acquiring the team from its majority ownership group, led by Peter Freund, and the St. Louis Cardinals, which held a minority interest. Pratt bought the condo for $4.05 million in 2003 and listed it about two. 246 John E. Wray, Huggins Signs to Manage Jinx Champions; Refused $10,000 Offer Made by Cardinals, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 26, 1917. Britton Wins Full Control of Cardinal Team, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 20, 1912. [21] The Cardinals also announced the rechristening of the team Hall of Fame Museum with an annual selection process selection commencing in 2015. So he knew his way around a clubhouse and offices. Peckington secretary of SPCA.83 Von der Ahes claims against the organization totaled $108,962.There were 28 other creditors with unsecured claims between $125 and $3,925 and an additional dozen with unsecured claims between $7 and $90.84, But the deed of trust did not supersede mortgages held on the ballpark, other judgements held against the association, Edward Beckers note for $23,000 and $20,000 in bonds. 310 Record Offer for Hornsby Declined, New York Times, December 10, 1920. Nobody knows how the wage freeze applies to baseball because it is a complicated thing. Charlie O. Finley, Larry McPhail, and Bill Veeck eventually employed sideshow attractions, like the "stadium club" and the shoot-the-chute. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 29, 1953. Most Federal League players could be purchased at auction.199 Huggins wanted to purchase some Federal players to strengthen his talent-challenged club but Schuyler Britton refused to add payroll. Sinclair felt that the St Louis National League franchise played in an outdated ballpark and lacked talent. 573 Broeg, Busch Ends Attempt to Buy Cardinals.. It started when the Cardinals manager didnt notify her about the change in training camp from Jackson, Tennessee, where it was raining and made field conditions unplayable to Jackson, Mississippi. When a scout brought a young player to him, Von der Ahe turned the player away, saying Dot little fellow Take him over to the Fairgrounds and make a hoss yockey out of him.57 The player was John McGraw. The Browns season totals were greater than the National League average total attendance for those two years. He stayed with Von der Ahe. The agreement was for five seasons starting in 2011. Kladis, 81, was part of the original ownership group that. The board chose auto dealer and shareholder Sam Breadon as the Cardinals new president. 655 Cards Fans Go to Bat for KMOX, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 26, 2005. The field was manicured to look better than it had been under Von der Ahes ownership. But when Breadon asked for McGraw favorite, third baseman Frank Frisch, McGraw, calling from Cuba, was so stunned he hung up the phone. 579 Ed Wilks, Birds Will Bust Their Tails, New Manager Herzog Says, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 9, 1980. He entered the Army as a Major in the Ordnance Department. The values of the two garages in downtown St. Louis at Seventh and Pine were not available according to the Citys Assessor.609. 322, With Hornsby traded, he had to sell his shares as baseball rules stipulated a person couldnt own stock in more than one team or while playing for another. The Winter Warm Up as the Cardinals named the event has continued to benefit the programs sponsored by Cardinal Care and for many fans is the opening of the baseball season.634 Since that first event, the charitable arm of the Cardinals has given back $23 million to the St. Louis community through its Redbird Rookies program, the building of ballfields in areas with little or no resources and the distribution of cash grants to nonprofits whose mission is working with children.635, If ever the stars aligned for the DeWitt Jr. ownership group, it was with the Cardinals acquisition of Mark McGwire by Walt Jocketty on July 31, 1997. Breadon was noted for a very conservative nature with his finances, highly demanding nature of his teams' success on the field, and bold moves otherwise. McGraw wouldnt do that, saying it wasnt his responsibility.120 Robison found out it was McGraws way or no way and realized he had paid a heavy financial price shelling out $35,300 to obtain him. Veeck, Bill. 375 Bob Broeg, Breadon, Frick Pacified Feeling Toward Negro, New York Story Says. Britton allowed a 60-day extension to July.250 During that time, the shareholders were sent a letter stating they had four days to increase their holdings by one-third to raise $60,000 or the club would be sold at auction.251 Only one unnamed shareholder came forward.252 On July 1, Ben G. Brinkman, board chairman of the Cardinals said that the team had received another extension from Britton.253, Three possibilities loomed for the Cardinals: First, the Cardinal Idea people would somehow raise $60,000, with $40,000 paid to Britton; Second, a buyer for the club could come forward. Britton and Husband Testify in Suit for Stock, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 29, 1912. As a result, the opening game was delayed. 390 Cardinal Sale Probably Ran to $4,060,000. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 28, 1947. 429 Committee to Take Over if Happy Steps Out, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 12, 1950. He won those issues, but lost on others. https://bsd.sos.mo.gov. Being owned by a publicly traded company was unchartered waters for major league baseball. According to Fred Kuhlmann, senior vice-president of the Anheuser-Busch, the deal envisioned television and broadcast rights would still be owned by the brewery, and they would choose the broadcasters. I wish Branch Rickey all the good luck in the world and I congratulate the Brooklyn Club upon obtaining Rickeys services, Breadon said, Branch is possibly the best baseball executive in the business.358, William Walsingham Jr., Breadons nephew and an assistant vice-president under Rickey, was next in line to assume running the Cardinals farm system. Players are based on performance. 560 Baseball-Reference.com. 626 Cardinals Communications Department, St. Louis Cardinals 2019 Media Guide, (St. Louis: St. Louis Cardinals L.L.C. Reporters and columnists laid the blame on a faltering farm system. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 27, 1995; Robert Manor, A-B Strategy: Beer, Theme Parks, St. Louis-Post-Dispatch, October 26, 1995. Breadon and the Cardinals reaped more benefit than the Browns out of the additional capacity at Sportsmans Park. Lane said the Birds on the Bat had been taken off because the amount of embroidery made the uniform heavier.487. Seed money came from Cardinal owners ($100,000) and other sponsors ($70,000). He was arrested on the morning of July 2, 1884 accused of assaulting a lady of the evening. Upset with Lewis behavior during the heat of a pennant chase, the other Browns players wanted him off the team.27 Von der Ahe settled for a heavy fine, since Lewis was one his better players.28 Williams, tense and on edge as the play of the club deteriorated, resigned September 4. Current Cincinnati Reds owner Bob Castellini and brothers Thomas Williams and W. Joseph Williams Jr. each once owned a stake in the Cardinals dating back to the Baur-DeWitt group's purchase of the team. One fan had faith in Breadon and asked fans to be patient, As one of those associated in the founding of the Cardinal baseball team, I have absolute confidence in Mr. Breadon. In early 1941, St. Louis Post-Dispatch sports editor J. Roy Stockton reported talk of a divorce between Breadon and Rickey. However, talks went on hold due to defaulted bonds on the building of AutoZone Park. The Watts are now minority owners of a Premier League club. It was rumored that Cleveland owner Frank De Hass Robison wanted to buy the St. Louis franchise and move it to Cleveland while placing the more successful Cleveland club in St. Louis, where Robison thought the St. Louis fan base would be more supportive.91 John D. Johnson, the broker of the sale with Becker, was angry Becker had left Von der Ahe hanging. 513 Neal Russo, Cards Give A Bit Extra for Debut, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 13, 1966. 164 Mrs. It isnt that I am trying to get back at Mr. Hedges for calling off the fall series. 525 Ed Wilks, Busch Unsure On Keane, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 22, 1964. They owe it to the men, their sons and husbands, to encourage them in a diversion so healthy, so clean, so stimulating to the heroic in their natures. He married Sarah Carver Hathaway, of Philadelphia in 1875 and they had a daughter with the given name Helene Hathaway. 424 Cardinals Sell Former Stadium Site for Terminal, St. Louis Globe-Democrat, December 31, 1950. Their shareholders had to ratify the brewerys purchase of the Cardinals. Von der Ahe would be repaid from profits of the games.8 Near the end of the season, Von der Ahe obtained a new lease on the ballpark, promising to make improvements to it with the hope of getting membership in the National League.9. https://bsd.sos.mo.gov. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 2, 1884. 652 Bernie Miklasz, On Kroenke, Matheny, Blues and Soccer, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 26, 2013. The first was Henry Ford (Harry) Sinclair, Tulsa oil tycoon and one of the financial backers of the now defunct Federal League. This was despite Phil Ball paying $75,000 less for a better ball club and a ballpark with a concrete grandstand.217, Helenes Brittons efforts to sell the club were hampered by the threat of a strike by players belonging to the Fraternity of Baseball Players.218 The strike ultimately was canceled and the union broken by the National Commission.219 Finally with the United States heading into the World War and military conscription on the horizon, Britton would be hard pressed to get her asking price.220, On February 27, 1917, James C. Jones, former president of the Cardinals announced that he represented a group called the Cardinal Idea that had an option to purchase the team from Britton for $350,000.221, The St. Louis Cardinals (National League) 1917-1919 and Branch Rickey, The Cardinal Idea was fan ownership through the purchase of subscriptions. During the pause in play due to the Covid19 pandemic and while negotiations were occurring on the financial aspects of restarting the season, DeWitt did not paint a rosy picture for the short-term profitability of Ballpark Village even though the entertainment venues have been open for six years and One Cardinal Way was 60 percent leased as of May 11, 2020.666 DeWitt Jr. said the ownership group was looking at the entire project as a long term investment that would benefit the Cardinals franchise and St. Louis area.667. 134 American May Not Have Team Here Next Season, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 5, 1901. The cause of the fire was a lighted cigarette carelessly dropped from one of the private boxes onto the wooden grandstand. The team said it sacrificed some 5,000 potential revenue-producing seats.632 Scores were updated every half-inning by seven Manual Scoreboard Guys (MSGs). OConnor, 10,000 Local Fans to Buy Cardinals: J.C. Jones Scheme, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 28, 1917. The American Association is on a stronger basis financially than it has been for years. The scandal soured St. Louis Base Ball fans on Lucas, whom they thought knowingly signed tainted players. Breadon first declined the offer, saying Hornsby should fulfill the remaining year on the current deal. When Stockton asked around in the Cardinals offices, all he got were denials.354 Further details came out in June and put teeth in the rumor. It was the franchises first ticket price increase at the new downtown stadium.554 Also the Cardinals would be playing on artificial turf starting in 1970 to save wear and tear on the field. For the National Football League team that played in St. Louis from 1960 to 1987, see, List of St. Louis Cardinals owners and executives. Louis Great Victory, The Daily Inter-Ocean (Chicago, Illinois), October 24, 1886. In fact, 1891 was the tenth year of the Association and only Louisville and St. Louis had been in the league every year. 646 Cardinals Media Relations Department, St. Louis Cardinals 2006 Media Guide (St. Louis: St. Louis Cardinals L.L.C., 2006), 18; History of Busch Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri, STLNews.com, https://www.stl.news/busch-stadium-2/. [2][16], In 2006, the Cardinals moved from their old home, Busch Memorial Stadium, to Busch Stadium in 2006. Flags And Six World Series Titles, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 11, 1949. In taking over the Cardinal organization I am mindful of the great responsibility to uphold the tradition of the teams integrity and winning spirit and to strive at all times to advance and strengthen the Cardinals 402, Hannegan announced that Breadon would stay on as an advisor to Saigh and himself to provide expertise in overseeing the day-to-day operations of the club as the new owners had no experience in running a baseball franchise. The $4 million deal closed in late 1947. Sam finished grammar school at the Old Ninth Ward grade school and then went to work to help support his family.274 He had a melodious tenor voice and as a youngster he sang in the choir at New York Episcopal Church. Cardinal fans began to realize that the Cardinals were just another subsidiary in August A. Busch IIIs eyes. 249 $50,000 to Apply on Sale of Cards, Not Players, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 25, 1918. With Busch Stadium II finished with its 34th baseball season and showing its age structurally amid all the new fans, the DeWitt ownership felt the time was right to plant the idea of a new ballpark, a ballpark with new revenue stream possibilities. On July 7, 1901, when he was the Cardinal treasurer, he wrote an opinion piece that allowing men to watch the game in their shirtsleeves would boost game attendance. Majority owner: E. Stanley Kroenke, 67 Minority owners: Chip Rosenbloom, 50; Lucia Rodriguez Source of wealth: Owner and founder of the Kroenke Group, a real estate development firm. 591 Rick Hummel, Impatience Motivated Clark, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 7, 1988. (Kevin Ward/Flickr.com. Most importantly, he was a fixture in the community with the Pujols Family Foundation and the face of the franchise during his time in St. Louis. The league banned Sunday baseball, alcohol sales, and required admissions cost at least 50 cents. In June 1883, Von der Ahe challenged an American Association rule with a popular gesture. His search led him to Branch Rickey, business manager of the Browns. Louis/Arizona Cardinals Franchise Page. The Cardinals have purchased three of their minor league affiliates since the DeWitt group took over. The lease also required the public agencies keep updating stadium amenities to keep it within the top quarter of NFL stadiums. The new wooden grandstand was to be built with the fans closer to the ground and more exits than before.131. With financial markets plummeting and banks beginning to fail, Breadon said he felt plans to build the 40,000 seat Breadon Bowl at Spring and Chouteau, were unfeasible at best. They have become like our churches, schools, hospitals, parks and press, one of St. Louis s finest civic assets. MLB and FBI security agents found that Correa acted alone, but the price the Cardinals and DeWitt Jr. paid was severe. Accessed September 4, 2020. [26], Reports surfaced on June 16, 2015, that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) were reviewing an alleged incident involving Cardinals' front office officials hacking into the Houston Astros' database of players, scouting reports and proprietary statistics. 252 Plea for $60,000 to Pay Off Cards Debts Nets $2000, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 30, 1918. Louis Cardinals Not for Sale, New York Times, April 7, 1911. The project was announced in 2001 in conjunction with the construction of what became Busch Stadium III, but due to obstacles to financing, caused by the 2008 economic meltdown and loss of anchor tenant (Centene Corporation), the project did not start until 2013. He Tells Breadon in Phone Message, St. Louis Star and Times, December 5, 1934. Mike Shannon won two World Series titles as a player . In the positions assigned to the pitcher and catcher however a smoother state of affairs existed and the outfield recently mowed was all that could be desired., The game featuring two local semipro teams attracted 2,500 spectators.11 On October 23, 1881, the St. Louis Globe-Democrat used the name Sportsmans Park for the first time in promoting a game at the diamond on Grand Avenue a game between two semipro teams.12, The revenues from games for the 1881 season were divided with the Association members receiving the revenues from ticket sales of reserved seating plus concessions. Their own George Bradley pitched the Leagues first ever no-hitter in St. Louis beating that Hartford squad 2-0 on July 15.6 For the 1877 season, the team fell below .500 and Lucas thought a house-cleaning was in order. 5 Compares the number of wins per player payroll relative to the rest of MLB. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt appointed Hannegan Commissioner of Internal Revenue where he served from 1943-45. (LIBRARY OF CONGRESS), Steininger wasnt the only Cardinal official to feel Brittons ire. 78 Chris Driven to Extremities, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 21, 1896.
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