27. J Appl Physiol 75: 712719, 1993. J Strength Cond Res 26: 12451248, 2012. 5. The 20m sprint is used in the WHL to assess the athlete's speed and acceleration. See the, The best result in the 20m sprint test at the 2011 Draft Combine Draft was 2.86 seconds by Shannon Taylor & Ahmed Saad. Stone MH, Stone M, Sands W. Principles and Practice of Resistance Training. Sant'Ana Pereira JA, Sargeant AJ, Rademaker AC, de Haan A, van Mechelen W. Myosin heavy chain isoform expression and high energy phosphate content in human muscle fibres at rest and post-exercise. What are the advantages of the 30m sprint test? Reduced oxygen availability during high intensity intermittent exercise impairs performance. In summary, the 20m sprint test has been shown to be a reliable predictor of linear speed, but its validity is determined by the knowledge of the test administrator. Andrzejewski, M., Chmura, J., Pluta, B., & Konarski, J. M. (2015). How to Cite. The 20m sprint test is performed at the Draft Camp each year. Secular trends of cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents over a 35-year period: Chronicle of a predicted foretold. It is important to acknowledge that having the best reliability does not mean that a variable is the most useful one at measuring something valuable, as a number of physiological measures have high reliability but may not be sensitive to measurement tools (22). 17. All sports science and test information provided in this article is for informational and educational purposes only. Gabbett, T. J. However, there is no current research which identifies an optimal height for testing. For the 5m sprint test, we recommended a distance of 0.3m. From a metabolic perspective, power is dictated by the rate at which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used to fuel muscle contractions. J Physiol 338: 2122, 1982. 28. 20. Data are presented as either mean SD or mean values with 90% CI where specified. 7. Till K, Jones B, Darrall-Jones J, Emmonds S, Cooke C. The longitudinal development of anthropometric and physical characteristics within academy rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res 28: 26892696, 2014. It is important to understand that in tests where the TE is greater than the SWC, the test is considered as not sensitive, as the detection of biological change is not possible because of the associated error in measuring the test. Between-code and consecutive trial differences were measured to assess if split times were lower, similar, or greater than the SWC or smallest practical difference (SPD). J Sports Sci 32: 19061913, 2014. Sprinting patterns of national rugby league competition. Buchheit M, Rabbani A, Beigi HT. If any between-code differences were identified for a split time, it was removed from reliability analysis, as it would not accurately reflect the TE and SWC for a specific rugby code. modify the keyword list to augment your search. After training interventions, individuals are commonly reassessed to understand to what extent the intervention has had an effect; this is often on the completion of the preseason preparatory phase before competition begins. Hoffman JR, Fry AC, Howard R, Maresh CM, Kraemer WJ. Sprint or speed tests can be performed over varying distances, depending on the factors being tested and the relevance to the sport. Mateo-Orcajada A, Abenza-Cano L, Cano-Martnez A, Vaquero-Cristbal R. Children (Basel). Significant involvement (>10%) from the aerobic system would reduce ATP production rate and thus sprint speed. The method of data analysis for RSA testing is largely a question of 2 alternatives: reporting total (or mean) sprint time for all sprints or the rate of fatigue (or performance drop-off). modify the keyword list to augment your search. These distances were chosen to enable assessment of initial and maximal sprint capabilities as used by Barr et al. Performance Testing entails many, many topics. Repeat sprint ability (RSA) describes the ability of an athlete to recover and maintain maximal effort during subsequent sprints, an attribute considered important to team sports. Researchers and practitioners can use the TE and SWC from this study to assess changes in performance of adolescent rugby players when using single beam timing gates. Bogdanis GC, Nevill ME, Boobis LH, Lakomy HK, Nevill AM. There are around 80 mmol/kg dry muscle of PCr stored in the muscle (17) and with a turnover rate of around 9 mmol ATP/kg dry muscle per second (23); stores are largely depleted within 10 seconds of sprinting (18). Despite the importance placed on sprint time, between-day reliability is rarely reported, suggesting that both researchers and practitioners are unaware when a change is real (25). Mandatory after-school use of step tracker apps improves physical activity, body composition and fitness of adolescents. Darrall-Jones, Joshua D.1,2; Jones, Ben1,2; Roe, Gregory1,2; Till, Kevin1,2. 31. Buchheit M, Spencer M, Ahmaidi S. Reliability, usefulness, and validity of a repeated sprint and jump ability test. About usContact usJoin our teamOfficial partnersPrivacy policyTerms of useTerms and conditionsDisclaimer, 2023 Science for Sport | Catapult Sports. Despite this, the readers are unaware of improvement, stability, or decreases in performance at an individual level, which in the applied setting is arguably more important, especially when making recommendations regarding long-term career progression, development, and in the evaluation of training interventions. Strength Cond. document.write("Page last modified: "+ md.getDate()+" " + months[md.getMonth()] Each participant MUST complete a MINIMUM OF THREE SPRINTS, each separated by a 2-3 minute rest if reliable results are desired. The assistant measures out a 20-metre section and marks each end with marker cones. Sprints were assessed at 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 m using single beam timing gates (Brower Timing Systems, IR Emit, Draper, UT). J Sci Med Sport 8: 333345, 2005. This sprint duration is considered valid as a recent review of RSA by Spencer et al. J Sports Sci 20: 427437, 2002. We have over 400 fitness tests listed, so it's not easy to choose the best one to use. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(8), 2134-2140. Use this article to get your knowledge up to speed surrounding the 20m Sprint Test. Sargeant AJ, Dolan P. Effect of prior exercise on maximal short-term power output in humans. The consensus is that a greater quantity of PCr at the start of each sprint would reduce the demand on anaerobic glycolysis (and concomitant fatiguing by-products, e.g., H+ and Pi) and enhance ATP turnover (18). Whether this ability can be appreciably improved via a high V[Combining Dot Above]O2max still remains controversial. 3. The white circle demonstrates that a larger TE (3.75%) would not allow the practitioner to detect a change as the TE crosses into the SWC. your express consent. Before the introduction of timing gates, speed tests were typically officiated using stopwatches, though stopwatches are still useful and can be used as a reliable measure, the use of timing gates is highly recommended and essential when a high degree of precision is required (12, 13). var months = new Array ("January","February","March","April","May","June","July", Sprint time at each split interval is shown in Table 2, with Table 3 displaying the TE and CV%. 32. 10 meter sprint There is a discussion over how many timing gates use to accurately calculate the sprint mechanical output. J Strength Cond Res. Owen is the founder of Science for Sport and has a masters degree in strength and conditioning and a bachelor's degree in sports conditioning & rehabilitation. For instance, the 20m sprint may be valid for measuring acceleration in track athletes, but it may measure maximum speed in team sport athletes. Rapid force. Accessibility Frost. Sprint time at 10, 20, 30, and 40 m was all reliable (coefficient of variation [CV] = 3.1, 1.8, 2.0, and 1.3%) but greater than the smallest worthwhile change (SWC [0.2 between-subject SD ]), rating the test as marginal for usefulness. 26. Data is temporarily unavailable. B., & Zushi, K. (2014b). Use our testing guide to conducting, recording, and interpreting fitness tests. Therefore, it is essential to remain consistent with the set-up configuration. Brooks GA, Fahey TD, Baldwin KM. This will be followed by suggestions for reporting results from RSA testing protocols and the requirements for future research within this area. Before the start of the test, it is important to ensure you have the following items: Test Configuration J Strength Cond Res 29(8): 23612366, 2015. 2022 Dec 8;9(12):1926. doi: 10.3390/children9121926. Differences less than the SWC/SPD were described as trivial. Online ahead of print. 20. Also weather conditions and the running surface can affect the results, and these conditions should be recorded with (29) (using 6 30-m sprints with 20-second rest) found that the strongest predictor of RSA was anaerobic power, that is, the fastest individual sprint time, and this explained 78% of the variance and had a relationship (r) of 0.66, respectively. Nonetheless, as long as this principle is well-understood, then the 20m sprint test can both valid and reliable. 2. See more, A new draft camp combine record for the 20m sprint was set by Joel Wilkinson in 2010 - 2.75 seconds. pre-test: Explain the test procedures to the subject. However, the same may or may not apply for team sports athletes. Influence of familiarization on the reliability of vertical jump and acceleration sprinting performance in physically active men. We are also on facebook and twitter. Starting distance from first timing gate As previously discussed, the distance between the start-line and the first set of gates significantly affects sprint times. Current knowledge suggests that an early morning anaerobic tests will elicit significantly lower peak power values than a late afternoon or evening tests (17). 21. J Strength Cond Res 5: 144149, 1991. Players were verbally encouraged to run as fast as possible through the 40-m timing gate and only decelerate after this. Five-meter splits were removed from the between-day reliability analysis so that the findings were applicable to both rugby union and rugby league players. Because the recovery of power output maps the time course of PCr resynthesis (10,30,33) and is attenuated by creatine supplementation (25,40), PCr availability is likely to be a major factor governing the rate of fatigue (18). Cronin, J.B., & Templeton, R.L. Brad Harvey ran 2.78 the same year, and Jonathon Marsh also ran 2.78 seconds in 2013. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 10: 695702, 2014. For example, Da Silva et al. However, because V[Combining Dot Above]O2max is largely determined by central factors (8), RSA may more strongly correlate with peripheral factors (35). "August","September","October","November","December") Saltin B. Metabolic fundamentals in exercise. Most strength and conditioning coaches agree that . How to Cite. RSA tested under hyperoxic (hypobaric chamber) (14,21) conditions or those with enhanced oxygen availability (via erythropoietin injection) (3) reports superior results; the opposite is true for hypoxic conditions (4). Individual effort Sub-maximal efforts can result in inaccurate and meaningless scores. This is fueled by the PCr system and anaerobic glycolysis. (1996) Explosive Power and Strength. This is likely to have a significant effect, as changes in direction, especially those involving large eccentric contractions and the need to stop, will affect energy expenditure. Furthermore, it has been suggested, that because of time constraints within professional sport, that it is acceptable to use the TE and SWC generated from a similar population to determine changes in athletic performance (7,25). *, Linear speed testing split times at 10, 20, 30, and 40 m combined mean (, Measures of reliability for linear speed testing at 10, 20, 30, and 40 m.*. football and rugby) appears to be between 15-21m (4, 5, 6), then conducting the 20m sprint test may be a useful tool to determine the performance in such athletes. For example, it may be suggested that the gates are always set at a consistent height of 1-metre. In: A New View of Statistics sportsci org: Internet Society for Sport Science, 2000. Hopkins WG. 13. Aziz AR, Mukherjee S, Chia M, Teh KC. Although the authors (14) state that the SWC needs to be established within a specific population, there seem to be a number of limitations in the method by which it is calculated and, therefore, calls the results into question. Hogan MC, Kohin S, Stary CMT, Hepple RT. Lpez-Gil JF, Cavero-Redondo I, Snchez-Lpez M, Martnez-Hortelano JA, Berlanga-Macias C, Soriano-Cano A, Martnez-Vizcano V. Sci Rep. 2022 Nov 3;12(1):18630. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23092-1. (30) report seasonal improvement of 0.03 seconds (1.82 0.06 seconds to 1.79 0.07 seconds; p 0.05) and 0.04 seconds (1.83 0.09 seconds to 1.79 0.11 seconds; p 0.05) over 10 m, and 0.05 seconds (3.14 0.10 seconds to 3.09 0.11 seconds; p < 0.01) and 0.06 seconds (3.15 0.21 seconds to 3.09 0.20 seconds; p 0.05) over 20 m in under 18 and under 20 annual age categories, respectively, in rugby league players. + " " + md.getFullYear()); The best ever 20m sprint time at the AFL combine is 2.75 seconds by Joel Wilkinson in 2010. It is therefore vital that the strength and conditioning coach or sport scientist truly understands what aspect of performance they wish to measure (i.e. References CHU, D.A. In fact, lactate can be used as an energy substrate via gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources), where it is transported in the blood to the liver, referred to as the Cori cycle, or converted within the muscle fiber itself. Thomas C, Sirvent P, Perrey S, Raynaud E, Mercier J. J Physiol 345: 525532, 1983. The contribution of each energy system is determined by exercise intensity and duration of rest period (18). 14. See, AFL recruiters are looking for talented local league players who can reach a benchmark of three seconds for the 20-meter sprint, among other characteristics (from an article in the Geelong Advertiser online, July 2010). It is often trained and measured via high-intensity sprints, interspersed with brief recovery bouts (30 seconds). Med Sci Sports Exerc 41: 3, 2009. Spencer M, Lawrence S, Rechichi C, Bishop D, Dawson B, Goodman C. Time-motion analysis of elite field hockey, with special reference to repeated-sprint activity. Disclaimer. Repeat sprint ability (RSA) describes the ability of an athlete to recover and maintain maximal effort during subsequent sprints, an attribute considered important to team sports. If possible, set up the track with a crosswind to 10. During brief maximal sprints, the rapid drop in PCr is offset by increased activation of glycolysis. Moir, G., C. Button, M. Glaister, and M.H. Fulco CS, Lewis SF, Frykman PN, Boushel R, Smith S, Harman EA, Cymerman A, Pandolf KB. 16. The Importance of Healthy Habits to Compensate for Differences between Adolescent Males and Females in Anthropometric, Psychological and Physical Fitness Variables. WHEN REPORTING REPEAT SPRINT ABILITY TEST RESULTS, TOTAL OR MEAN TIME SHOULD BE USED. Try out our Academy and access our growing library of sports science courses. For example, sprints of around 5 seconds performed every 120 seconds show no significant decreases in performance after 15 sprints. Participant readys themselves on the start-line (positioned 0.3m behind the first gates cones A) in a standing split-stance start position. The outcome of testing is used to profile individuals against norms for their position within the respective sports (12,29). Int J Sports Physiol Perform 9: 511514, 2014. J Physiol 496: 583588, 1996. Sprint speed is related to the ability to deplete large amounts of high-energy phosphates at a fast rate. The study conforms to the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (approved by the ethics advisory board of Swansea University) and required players to provide informed consent before participation. Continue reading. You should consider the validity, reliability, costs and ease of use for each test. The split stance (one leg forward, and one back) is most recommended. To measure aerobic power. 40. Here are results for the 20m sprint tests from a variety of sports. Speed - 30 metre sprint test. 10. To appreciate RSA, we must first look at the biochemical production of power. Field testing offers a simple, cheap, practical alternative to gas analysis. Seitz LB, Barr M, Haff GG. The formula (Equations 1 and 2) for each, according to Spencer et al. 39. purpose: The aim of this test is 3. 34. Brughelli, and D.M. For example, the 20m sprint test may only measure acceleration in track athletes, whereas it might display maximum speed in some team sport athletes especially when performed from a rolling- or flying-start. An official website of the United States government. This is done by using the following equation. The small difference between sessions 1 and 2 in 10-m split time may highlight variations in the timing, magnitude, and application of mechanical horizontal force that is required to accelerate (8). 19. As it is suggested that both TE and SWC are population specific (25), it would seem that for a true understanding of the relationship between the TE and SWC in a 10-m sprint, the authors should have calculated the SWC within their own population to then give recommendations applicable to professional rugby union players. 2001;15(1):7580. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to calculate the TE and SWC of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 m sprint splits to evaluate reliability and usefulness of linear sprint testing in adolescent rugby players. not affected by weather). 37. Based on the above, RSA (as tested by the studies presented) can be improved via anaerobic qualities such as strength, power, and speed, along with the athlete's vOBLA; this is regardless of the between-sport variability in RSA demands. (35) advise that 5 minutes before testing, athletes complete a single criterion sprint. Da Silva et al. 3). Once the test is over, some subjects may react to the previous exertion. Instead, it may be the progressive changes in metabolic environment (as noted by the aforementioned high lactate values, also see Fatigue section) that ultimately cause a reduction in ATP provision via this system. 25. Influence of physiological characteristics on selection in a semi-professional first grade rugby league team: A case study. The authors measured significant sprint time differences when the gates were set at 60cm and 80cm. The moderating role of physical fitness in the relationship between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and adiposity in schoolchildren. 4. Furthermore, the study aimed to identify the ability of the test to detect a practically important change and to report reference TE and SWC values for adolescent rugby players. Altmann S, Hoffmann M, Kurz G, Neumann R, Woll A, Haertel S. Different starting distances affect 5-m sprint times. However, the significance of such loading may only become apparent as sprint frequency increases and rest periods become long enough to again fully engage anaerobic glycolysis. This system involves multiple enzymatic reactions, so it is not as fast as the PCr system, but the 2 combine to maintain an ATP turnover rate of 1114 mmol/kg dry muscle per second (11,17). All information is provided on an as-is basis. Maximum speed: Misconceptions of sprinting. The data are used to provide valuable insights into factors that may contribute to and regulate exercise performance, and should be considered as complimentary in guiding the preparation of individuals to improve their physical potential; thus, allowing them to tolerate the demands of training and match play to excel in their chosen sport (26). Owing to methodological errors (14) and misinterpretation of TE data (27), it seems that between-day TE and SWC data need to be generated for linear sprint testing in rugby union and rugby league populations. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Relationship between measured maximal oxygen uptake and aerobic endurance performance with running repeated sprint ability in young elite soccer players. TO SPRINT REPEATEDLY, THE AEROBIC SYSTEM MUST RESYNTHESIZE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, REMOVE ACCUMULATED INTRACELLULAR INORGANIC PHOSPHATE, AND OXIDIZE LACTATE DURING REST PERIODS. The 10m sprint test is a simple and popular test used to measure an athletes ability to accelerate. Improvements in sprint times after an 8-week sprint training block in rugby league players demonstrated moderate (effect size [ES] = 0.60) improvements at 10 m (pre = 1.84 seconds; post = 1.79 seconds; 2.62%) and 20 m (ES = 0.69; pre = 3.25 seconds; post = 3.17 seconds; 2.35%), and small (ES = 0.50) improvements at 40 m (pre = 5.55 seconds; post = 5.45 seconds; 1.94%) (28), demonstrating expected changes in sprint time with a specific sprint training intervention. Hopkins WG, Schabort EJ, Hawley JA. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. The discrepancy is likely attributable to the length of the sprints used, as this may alter the contribution of the aerobic system (5). If the TE was less than the SWC, the test was considered as good; if the TE was similar to the SWC, this was considered as OK; and where the TE was greater than the SWC, the test usefulness was considered as marginal (21). 1. Hultman E, Bergstrom J, Anderson NM. your express consent. J Sci Med Sport 9: 181184, 2006. 3-5 minutes) should be administered following the warm-up and prior to the commencement of the test. Pyne DB, Saunders PU, Montgomery PG, Hewitt AJ, Sheehan K. Relationships between repeated sprint testing, speed, and endurance. Acta Physiol Scand 150: 455456, 1994. This will allow practitioners to make informed decisions on testing data and further allow researchers to report individual changes in response to training interventions. Advances in electronic timing systems: Considerations for selecting an appropriate timing system. Earp JE, Newton RU. eg dashes of 40, 50, or 60 m take approximately 4 to 15 seconds and can be used as an indication of alactic . Despite the usefulness of sprint times at each split being rated as marginal, Hopkins (21) has proposed a method whereby plotting the change score of the individual (TE expressed as a CV%) against the SWC is capable of visualizing when a change has occurred. PP is defined as the maximal power (force times distance divided by time) exerted during very short-duration (5 seconds) work [4]. The .gov means its official. The main finding from this study was that 10, 20, 30, and 40 m time are reliable when using a single beam timing system, with players starting 50 cm behind the start of a sprint, with CV values corresponding to 3.1, 1.8, 2.0, and 1.3%, respectively. 18. Da Silva JF, Guglielmo LGA, Bishop D. Relationship between different measures of aerobic fitness and repeated sprint ability in elite soccer players. 1Research Institute Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; 2Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Football Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom. (2013). The best of the 3 times for each split was taken for analysis with times measured to the nearest 0.01 seconds on each occasion. (4). 36. Long-term training-induced changes in sprinting speed and sprint momentum in elite rugby union players. Keyword Highlighting Mateo-Orcajada A, Abenza-Cano L, Albaladejo-Saura MD, Vaquero-Cristbal R. Educ Inf Technol (Dordr). For example, a moderate correlation (r = 0.35) between V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and RSA was found when using 8 40-m sprints with 30 seconds of active recovery between sprints (1) but not 6 20-m sprints with 20 seconds of recovery between sprints (2). Till K, Jones B, Emmonds S, Tester E, Fahey J, Cooke C. Seasonal changes in anthropometric and physical characteristics within English academy rugby league players. Mean score (seconds)= (#1 sprint time + #2 sprint time + #3 sprint time) total number of sprints (e.g. Conflicts of Interest and Source of Funding: The authors report no conflicts of interest and no source of funding. The rookie recorded 2.73 seconds at the Windy Hill sprint track, slicing 0.2 seconds off the mark previously shared by Leroy Jetta, Alwyn Davey and Courtenay Dempsey (Real Footy website, March 2008). Scand J Clin Lab Invest 19: 5666, 1967. We do not accept any responsibility for the administration or provision of any testing conducted, whether that results in any positive or negative consequences. Time: 15 additional minutes Cost: $15 40m Sprint This test is primarily used to assess acceleration, top speed and fatigue Electronic timing gates are to be set up at the 0, 10, 30 and 40m marks 1988;14:269277. However, as with ATP, because of the contribution made by the other pathways, PCr is not normally depleted. Recent recommendations have been made regarding optimizing acceleration capabilities in elite rugby union and league players with horizontally orientated resistance exercises to maximize horizontal force production, thus improving acceleration ability (11). facility) so that it is protected from varying weather types, and with a dependable surface that is not affected by wet or slippery conditions. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Arsac LM, Locatelli E. Modeling the energetics of 100-m running by using speed curves of world champions. Participant should be counted down 3 2 1 GO . Balsom P, Ekblom B, Sjdin B. 17. document.write(" CITE THIS PAGE: "+ author + ", "" + document.title + "." Topend Sports Website, "+ published + ", "+ url + ", Accessed " + md.getDate()+" " + months[md.getMonth()] + " " + md.getFullYear()); At the end of the 2008 pre-season, Jarrod Atkinson set a new 20m sprint record at Essendon. Endurance Testing The most obvious measurement of interest for endurance athletes (when aiming to compare them to other athletes) is the performance time for a given event or competition. Baker D, Nance S. The relation between running speed and measures of strength and power in professional rugby league players. Using these data and the pretest SD as the standardizer, all improvements in sprint times were small (under 18 seconds, 10-m ES = 0.50 and 20-m ES = 0.50; under 20 seconds, 10-m ES = 0.44 and 20-m ES = 0.29) over a season. The assessment is pragmatic, easily interpreted, and results are transferable to meaningful and understandable situations. Berthoin S, Dupont G, Pierre M. Predicting sprint kinematic parameters from anaerobic field tests in physical education students. Although sprint time in isolation may not be considered a discriminate physical quality, it has been highlighted as influencing whether players start in Australian Rules football, alongside measures of leg power and high-intensity running ability (31). The 20-m shuttle run test (20mSRT)-a progressive aerobic exercise test involving continuous running between 2 lines 20 m apart in time to audio signals-is probably the most widely used field test of CRF. 2021 Jan;39(1):57-63. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1804785. Andrzejewski, M., Chmura, J., Pluta, B., Strzelczyk, R., & Kasprzak, A. The 20m sprint (with split timing at 5m and 10m) has a high reliability and, because most tennis nations use it, has adequate normative data for the various age groups. 20m or 20 yard Sprint Test Results Fitness testing protocols often include a running test of speed, conducted as a maximal sprint over a set distance. 2023 Feb 1;11(2):35. doi: 10.3390/sports11020035. When testing, it is therefore imperative that a standardised, consistent protocol is used to reduce variances within the data. 3. Circadian rhythms in exercise performance: Implications for hormonal and muscular adaptation. The distance between the start-line and the first timing gate (cones A Figure 1) has been shown to affect short-distance sprint times (14). equipment required: measuring tape or marked track, stopwatch or timing gates, cone markers, flat and clear surface of at least 40 meters. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research30(5):1359-1364, May 2016.
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